Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards
Bones, Muscles, and Veins
Orbitis
Eye sockets
Maxilla
The upper jaw, the section housing the brain
Mandible
The lower jaw
Ribs (Costae)
Flat curved bones that attach dorsally to the thoracic vertebrate. Cats and Dogs have 13 pairs of ribs.
Costal Cartilage
Where the rib attaches to the sternum
Sternum
Forms the ventral midline of the ribcage
Floating ribs
Ribs not attached to the costal cartilage
Cervical Vertebrae
the vertebrae of the neck. There are a total of seven cervical vertebrae in all domestic mammals. The first one is called the atlas and the second one is called the axis.
Thoracic Vertebrae
the vertebrae of the chest. The ribs are attached to these vertebrae. There are 13 thoracic vertebrae in the cat or dog.
Lumbar Vertebrae
The vertebrae of the lower back. There are 7 in cats and dogs
Sacral Vertebrae
The three fused vertebrae to which the pelvis is attached
Coccygeal Vertebrae
The vertebrae of the tail. The number varies between 6 and 23 depending on the species.
Clavical
The collar bone. Connects the sternum to the scapula. Not all species have a clavical.
Scapula
The shoulder blade. A triangular shaped bone located on the side of the thorax.
Humerus
A long bone in the forelimb that extends from shoulder to elbow
Radius
The cranial long bone of the forelimb that runs from elbow to carpus
Ulna
The caudal long bone of the forelimb that runs from elbow to carpus
Carpus
The joint and irregularly shaped bones distal to the radius and ulna. The “wrist”
Metacarpals
The long thin bones just distal to the carpus.
Phalanges
The most distal bones of the leg that make up the digits, or “fingers”
Pelvis
The hip bone
Acetabulum
The hip socket in which the head of the femur sits
Femur
The longest bone in the body, located distal to the pelvis
Stifle
The joint between the femur and the tibia, the knee
Patella
A large flat bone that sits over the stifle joint
Tibia
A larger bone distal to the patella, considered the weight bearing bone
Fibula
A thin bone distal to the patella
Tarsus
The joint and irregular shaped bones located distal to the tibia and fibula
Metatarsals
The long thin bones found distal to the Tarsus
Cephalic Veins
Veins that runs along the anterior of the forelegs
Lateral Saphenous Veins
Small, superficial veins that run diagonally across the lateral surface of the distal part of the tibia.
Jugular Veins
Large, superficial veins located on either side of the trachea
Femoral Vein
A vein that extends from the groin on the medial aspect of the thigh. Used for blood collection in cats.
Saphenous Vein
A vein that extends from the hock (ankle) to the stifle on the medial aspect of the calf. It becomes the femoral vein at the stifle. Used for blood collection in cats.
Dorsal Lumbar (Lumbodorsal) Muscle
Located on either side of the midline
Triceps
Located caudal to the humerus
Quadriceps
Located anterior to the femur
Biceps Femoris
The posterior muscle of the hind leg. (The big meaty hip muscle)
Semimembranosus/Semitendinosus Muscle Group
The muscle group located in the rear leg, also known as the hamstring muscles
Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone)
Spongy bone that acts as a shock absorber; found near the center of the bone and houses the bone marrow
Compact Bone
Highly structured series of bone layers found in the outer portions of the bone; composed of a series of tubelike structured arranged so that the tube shafts are parallel to the bone shaft
Haversian Canal
The space through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel through compact bone
Osteoblasts
Cells responsible for secreting the materials that make up bones
Osteocytes
Matured Osteoblasts that make up the majority of mature bones
Osteoclasts
Cells that dissolve internal bone material to keep bones lightweight
Bone Marrow
The reddish-brown tissue found in the middle of a bone; primarily responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, from stem cells
Periosteum
A membrane that surrounds the outer surface of a bone, excluding around joints
Reticulin
The chief extracellular material in bone marrow
Axial Skeleton
The bodies central framework; Includes the bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Supports the axial skeleton; Includes the bones of the legs, shoulders, and pelvis
Ligaments
Bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones at joints
Tendons
Bands that attach muscles to bones
Intercostal Space
The space between the ribs
Intercostal muscles
The muscles within the intercostal space that connect the ribs and aid the breathing process
Paradigit
A digit that does not bear weight (Also called a dewclaw)
Anatomy
The study of the structure of living organisms
Physiology
The study of body parts and how the preformance of one effects the others
Cell
The basic structure of life; come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes and have a variety of functions; all mammalian cells contain a cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm, and a nucleus.
Organs
Composed of groups of tissues that have a common function and work together
Tissue
Identical or closely related cells grouped together
Mitosis
Cell reproduction by dividing to yield two identical cells
Bones
Points of attachment for your muscles, levers for muscle action, mineral storage structures, and sites for production of blood cells
Thoracic Limbs
Support the front end of a body during walking
Pelvic limbs
Support the rear end of the body during walking
Joints
The connection between two bones that help hold bones together and give the skeleton flexibility for movement
Diaphragm
The muscle that separates the thorax and abdomen
Skeletal Muscle
The most abundant muscle tissue; also called voluntary muscle because it’s under voluntary control; appears striped under a microscope
Visceral muscle
Involuntary, smooth muscle found in the internal organs such as the urinary bladder and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart; somewhat striated in appearance but not under voluntary control
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substances released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse which, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, cause the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure
Flexor Muscles
Skeletal muscles that flex, or bend, a joint
Extensor Muscles
Skeletal muscles that extend, or straighten, a joint
