Integumentary, Circulatory, and respiratory systems Flashcards
Terms, anatomy, and functions of the Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Integumentary, and Respiratory systems.
Skin
An epithelial structure that protects the inner organs of the body from the environment and keeps the body confined
Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin
Keratin
A fiber-like protein that provides toughness to the cell and, therefore, to the skin
Dermis
Provides both structural and nutritional support to the epidermis. The dermis consists of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer that lies beneath the epidermal and dermal structures. Stores fat, helps regulate body temp., and supports the layers above both structurally and nutritionally.
What Does the Hypodermis consist of?
Primarily fat, but also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
What does the Dermis consist of?
Collagen, Elastin, and reticular fibers
Blood vessels
Structures that run throughout all areas of the skin, but especially the dermis; carry oxygen and nutrients directly to the dermis and indirectly to the epidermis.
Motor Nerves
Nerves that control movement by stimulating muscles to contract and relax.
Sensory nerves
Nerves that carry sensory information, such as the sensation of touch, to the central nervous system.
Integumentary system
The system that consists of skin and all its related structures like hair, paw pads, claws, hooves, horns, antlers, and skin glands.
Hair
A nonliving structure partially composed of keratin
What purposes does hair serve?
It provides warmth, protects the skin from sunlight, moisture, and other damage, and gives some species markings for protective or reproductive purposes.
Claw
A modified extension of the dermis and epidermis of the toe composed of primarily horny, or keratinized, epidermal tissue.
Hoof
A specialized extension of horny epidermal tissue extending over the distal digit.
Sebaceous gland
Microscopic infoldings of the epidermis that are usually associated with hair follicles. Produce Sebaceous Filaments.
Circulatory system
Provides transport operations throughout the body, a means of movement for a variety of substances through the body.
Cardiovascular System
Carries blood and its associated cells and products through the body; consists of a network of arteries, capillaries, and veins
Lymphatic system
Consists of a network of vessels coursing through the body that carries fluid called lymph; comprises lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen.
Heart
A large muscle that sits in the thoracic cavity and contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic fashion, creating a pumping action that forces blood to circulate throughout the body.
Cardiac Pacemaker
Where the normal electrical impulses in the heart originate; electrical impulses that stimulate the heart muscles to contract
Systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat that takes place as the current travels around the heart
Diastole
The phase during repolarization where the cardiac muscle cells relax and the chambers enlarge and fill with blood
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and towards the cells of the body
Capillaries
Microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and allow the exchange of gasses, nutrients, and waste materials between the blood and the bodies cells
Veins
Vessels that carry blood from the bodys cells back to the heart
Arterioles
The smallest form of artery, carry blood from the muscular arteries to the capillaries
Blood
A fluid vital to life; contains a fluid component, (plasma), and blood cells
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood after all the blood cells have been removed
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells; the most common type of blood cell and the primary means by which oxygen is transported throughout the body.
Lymph
A protein rich fluid that contains some lymphocytes but no other cells
Respiration
Provides the body with oxygen and removes certain waste gasses from the body; comprised of external respiration and internal respiration.
Upper respiratory tract
All anatomical structures of the respiratory tract that are outside of the lungs
Pharynx
The common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems
Larynx
Acts as the gatekeeper to the lower respiratory tract, preventing food and liquid from entering the airway; composed of cartilage plates of varying sizes covered with a layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Trachea
A series of rings of cartilage, called tracheal rings, connected by soft connective tissue to form a tube
Lungs
Primary organs of respiration
Respiratory center
An area of nerve cells located in the brains medulla oblongata and pons
Serum
Plasma with the clotting agents removed.
Pericardium
A fluid filled sac surrounding the heart composed of fibrous and epithelial cells.
Pericardial fluid
The fluid within the pericardial sac; Lubricates the heart, reduces friction, and makes it pump more efficiently
Pericardial effusion
A situation in which the amount of pericardial fluid within the sac increases due to damage or illness. Causes increased pressure around the heart, hindering its ability to efficiently pump blood.
Epicardium
A thin layer of connective tissue adhered to the underlying cardiac muscle.
Myocardium
The mass of cardiac muscle that lies beneath the epicardium. Composed of cells called myocytes.
Endocardium
A layer of elastic epithelial tissue lining the lumen of the heart
atrial septum
A wall of muscle dividing the atria of the heart
Atrioventricular valve
A structure comprised of a ring of fibrous connective tissue and two to three triangular flaps that allows the passage of blood from the atria to their respective ventricles.
Tricuspid valve
The right atrioventricular valve, called such because in most animals, excluding dogs and cats, it contains three flaps.
Bicuspid/Mitral valve
The left atrioventricular valve, called such because it usually had only two flaps
Pulmonary semilunar valve
The one-way valve controlling blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary circulation
Aortic semilunar valve
The one-way valve controlling blood flow from the heart to the systemic circulation.
Base (heart)
The area of the heart where the atria reside
Apex (heart)
The area of the heart where the ventricles end
Long axis (heart)
A line drawn from the base of the heart to the apex
Systemic circulation
The network of blood vessels that supply the cells of the body
Pulmonary circulation
The network of blood vessels sent to the lungs for oxygenation
Neutrophils
A type of granulocyte that hunts and destroys foreign bodies and bacteria via a called phagocytosis. A leukocyte.
Basophils
A type of granulocyte that contains heparin and histamine. It releases these chemicals during allergic reactions, causing a restriction in blood clotting (heparin) and constriction of smooth muscles (histamine), causing welts. A leukocyte.
Eosinophils
A type of granulocyte containing histaminase, an enzyme that degrades histamine. Believed to be involved with regulation of allergies and destruction of parasites via phagocytosis. A leukocyte.
Monocytes
A type of agranulocyte similar to eosinophils and neutrophils. A leukocyte.
leukocytes
Also known as white blood cells, leukocytes are cells within the body that make up the immune response.
Phagocytosis
The process of a cell absorbing, or engulfing, another cell to destroy it.
Hemolysis
The destruction of red blood cells via the liver and spleen.
inspiration
The process of breathing in air
Expiration
the process of breathing out air
Arrector pili
Small muscles embedded in the dermis that involuntarily contract to create “goosebumps”, increasing thickness of the hair coat and providing additional insulation.
Mediastinum
The compartment within the thoracic cavity containing the heart. Lies between the pleural sacs of the lungs.
alveoli
The sacs at the very end of the respiratory tract that are responsible for transferring oxygen into the bloodstream.
Bronchioles
the branches that carry air from the tracheal bifurcation to the alveoli
alveolar sac
A group of alveoli
granulocytes
One of two categories of leukocytes. Describes cells containing small cytoplasmic granules.
Agranulocyte
one of two categories of leukocytes. Describes cells that lack the small cytoplasmic granules that give granulocytes their name.
T-lymphocyte (T-cells)
Cells that produce lymphokines, which attracts immune cells to the location they’re needed, suppresses antibody production, kills cells which t-cells are attached to.
B-Lymphocytes (B-cells)
Stimulated by t-cells or the presence of an antigen to transform into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies.
Sinoatrial (SA) node/Cardiac Pacemaker
Where all normal electrical signals in the heart originate from. Sends an electrical pulse to stimulate contraction of the cardiac muscle
Coronary Artery
The first artery to split from the aorta, it supplies blood to the heart.
