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PE physiology > Skeletal and Muscular System > Flashcards

Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • blood cell production
  • shape
  • muscle attachment
  • mineral storage
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2
Q

Support

A

Bones keep us upright and hold the rest of our body in place

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3
Q

Protection

A

Flat bones enclose and protect vital organs

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4
Q

Movement

A

Bones provide anchor points for muscles, create levers

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5
Q

Shape

A

Bones give us our general shape eg height, build

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6
Q

Muscle attachment

A

Bones provide anchorage for muscles to attach and when they contract they pull the bone

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7
Q

Mineral storage

A

Store calcium and phosphorus

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8
Q

Blood cell production

A

Produced in the bone marrow

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9
Q

Ball and socket

A

The rounded part of the bone fits into the cp like end of another, eg shoulder,hip

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10
Q

Hinge

A

The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another eg elbow

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11
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Similar to the ball and socket but the curved surfaces are much flatter eg wrist

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12
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

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13
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a ball and socket joint towards the midline of the body

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15
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a ball and socket joint away from the midline of the body

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16
Q

Dori flexion

A

Pointing your ankle joint towards your shin

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17
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Pointing your ankle joint towards the floor

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18
Q

Circumduction

A

Drawing a circle with your limb

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19
Q

Medial rotation

A

Twisting of a limb into the body

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20
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Twisting of a limb away from the body

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21
Q

Horizontal flexion

A

straight limb twisting into the body

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22
Q

Horizontal extension

A

Straight limb twisting away from the body

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23
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle responsible for the movement of a joint

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24
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that lengthens or relaxes

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25
Q

Fixator

A

The muscle that stabilises the joint

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26
Q

Flexion agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : anterior deltoid
Antagonist: posterior deltoid

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27
Q

Extension agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : posterior deltoid
Antagonist: anterior deltoid

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28
Q

Abduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : medial deltoid
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi

29
Q

Adduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : lattissimus dorsi
Antagonist: medial deltoid

30
Q

Circumduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Rotator cuff

31
Q

Medial rotation agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Antagonist: teres minor, posterior deltoid

32
Q

Lateral rotation agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : teres minor, posterior deltoid
Antagonist: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid

33
Q

Horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : pectoralis major
Antagonist: teres minor

34
Q

Horizontal extension agonist and antagonist at shoulder

A

Agonist : teres minor
Antagonist: pectoralis major

35
Q

Flexion agonist and anatagonist at the elbow

A

Agonist : bicep brachii
Antagonist: tricep brachii

36
Q

Extension agonist and antagonist at the elbow

A

Agonist : tricep brachii
Antagonist: bicep brachii

37
Q

Flexion agonist and antagonist at wrist

A

Agonist : wrist flexor
Antagonist: wrist extendors

38
Q

Extension agonist and antagonist at wrist

A

Agonist : wrist extendors
Antagonist: wrist flexors

39
Q

Flexion agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : iliopsaos
Antagonist: gluteus maximus

40
Q

Extension agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : gluteus maximums
Antagonist: iliopsoas

41
Q

Abduction agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : gluteus medius + minimus
Antagonist: adductor longus + brevis

42
Q

Adduction agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : adductor longus + brevis
Antagonist: gluteus medius + minimus

43
Q

Medial rotation agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : iliopsoas
Antagonist: adductor longus + brevis

44
Q

Lateral rotation agonist and antagonist at hip

A

Agonist : gluteus maximum
Antagonist: gluteus medius + minimus

45
Q

Flexion agonist and antagonist at knee

A

Agonist : bicep femoris
Antagonist: rectus femoris

46
Q

Extension agonist and antagonist at knee

A

Agonist : rectus femoris
Antagonist: bicep femoris

47
Q

Dorsi flexion agonist and antagonist at ankle

A

Agonist : tibialis anterior
Antagonist: gastrocnemius, soleus

48
Q

Plantar flexion agonist and antagonist at ankle

A

Agonist : gastrocnemius, soleus
Antagonist: tibialis anterior

49
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • divides body into left and right
  • movements = flexion/ extension, Circumduction,
    eg running somersault
50
Q

Frontal plane

A
  • divides body into front and back
  • movements = abduction/adduction, Circumduction
    eg cartwheel
51
Q

Transverse plane

A
  • Divides body into top and bottom
  • movements = medial/lateral rotation, horizontal flexion/extension, circumference
  • full twist, pirouette
52
Q

Isotonic

A

The muscle is changing length while exerting a force

53
Q

Isotonic concentric

A

Muscle shortens

54
Q

Isotonic eccentric

A

Muscle lengthens (acts as a break/control)

55
Q

Isometric

A

The muscle is not changing length while exerting a force

56
Q

Type 1

A
  • Slow oxidative - endurance fibres
57
Q

Type 2a

A
  • fast oxidative glycolytic - speed endurance fibres
58
Q

Type 2b

A

-fast glycolytic - speed/power fibres

59
Q

Structural characteristics of slow oxidative

A
  • small fibre size
  • small neuron size
  • many capillaries
    -large myoglobin content
  • many mitochondria
  • high glycogen stores
  • low PC stores
60
Q

structural characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

•intermediate fibre size
•intermediate neuron size
• many capillaries
•many myoglobin
•many mitochondria
•intermediate glycogen stores
•intermediate PC stores

61
Q

structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres

A

• large fibre sizes
• large neuron sizes
• small amount of capillaries
•small myoglobin content
•few number of mitochondria
•low glycogen stores
•high PC stores

62
Q

functional characteristics of slow oxidative fibres

A

• slow speed of contraction
•weak force of contraction
• slow rate of fatigue
•aerobic
•slow recovery rate

63
Q

functional characteristics fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A

•fast speed of contraction
•high force of contraction
•intermediate rate of fatigue
•aerobic/anaerobic
•intermediate recovery rate

64
Q

functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres

A

• fast speed of contraction
• strong force of contraction
•fast rate of fatigue
• anaerobic
•fast recovery rate

65
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it innervates

66
Q

motor unit function

A

to carry an impulse from the CNS to the muscle fibres to initiate muscular contractions

67
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

•the space between the neuron and the muscle us know as the synapse
•if the action potential is high enough, acetyl choline will be secreted into the synapse creating a closed circuit for the impulse to travel into the muscle and cause contraction.

68
Q

action potential

A

•refers to the electrical impulse travelling down the motor unit
•if this impulse it strong enough and reaches the threshold, the impulse is i’ll travel into the muscle and cause all fibres connected to the motor unit to contract
•this known as the “all or none law”

69
Q

steps of the motor unit

A
  1. signal sent from CNS collected by the motor unit (action potential).
  2. signal moves down the axon towards the muscle fibres.
  3. the point at which the motor neurone communicates with the muscle fibres is called neuromuscular junction.
  4. if action potential is high enough the muscle travels across the synapse and into the muscle causing a contraction.

PE physiology (15 decks)

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