Skeletal and Muscular System Flashcards
Functions of the skeleton
- support
- protection
- movement
- blood cell production
- shape
- muscle attachment
- mineral storage
Support
Bones keep us upright and hold the rest of our body in place
Protection
Flat bones enclose and protect vital organs
Movement
Bones provide anchor points for muscles, create levers
Shape
Bones give us our general shape eg height, build
Muscle attachment
Bones provide anchorage for muscles to attach and when they contract they pull the bone
Mineral storage
Store calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell production
Produced in the bone marrow
Ball and socket
The rounded part of the bone fits into the cp like end of another, eg shoulder,hip
Hinge
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another eg elbow
Condyloid joint
Similar to the ball and socket but the curved surfaces are much flatter eg wrist
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint
Adduction
Moving a ball and socket joint towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Moving a ball and socket joint away from the midline of the body
Dori flexion
Pointing your ankle joint towards your shin
Plantar flexion
Pointing your ankle joint towards the floor
Circumduction
Drawing a circle with your limb
Medial rotation
Twisting of a limb into the body
Lateral rotation
Twisting of a limb away from the body
Horizontal flexion
straight limb twisting into the body
Horizontal extension
Straight limb twisting away from the body
Agonist
The muscle responsible for the movement of a joint
Antagonist
The muscle that lengthens or relaxes
Fixator
The muscle that stabilises the joint
Flexion agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : anterior deltoid
Antagonist: posterior deltoid
Extension agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : posterior deltoid
Antagonist: anterior deltoid
Abduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : medial deltoid
Antagonist: latissimus dorsi
Adduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : lattissimus dorsi
Antagonist: medial deltoid
Circumduction agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Rotator cuff
Medial rotation agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Antagonist: teres minor, posterior deltoid
Lateral rotation agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : teres minor, posterior deltoid
Antagonist: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid
Horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : pectoralis major
Antagonist: teres minor
Horizontal extension agonist and antagonist at shoulder
Agonist : teres minor
Antagonist: pectoralis major
Flexion agonist and anatagonist at the elbow
Agonist : bicep brachii
Antagonist: tricep brachii
Extension agonist and antagonist at the elbow
Agonist : tricep brachii
Antagonist: bicep brachii
Flexion agonist and antagonist at wrist
Agonist : wrist flexor
Antagonist: wrist extendors
Extension agonist and antagonist at wrist
Agonist : wrist extendors
Antagonist: wrist flexors
Flexion agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : iliopsaos
Antagonist: gluteus maximus
Extension agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : gluteus maximums
Antagonist: iliopsoas
Abduction agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : gluteus medius + minimus
Antagonist: adductor longus + brevis
Adduction agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : adductor longus + brevis
Antagonist: gluteus medius + minimus
Medial rotation agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : iliopsoas
Antagonist: adductor longus + brevis
Lateral rotation agonist and antagonist at hip
Agonist : gluteus maximum
Antagonist: gluteus medius + minimus
Flexion agonist and antagonist at knee
Agonist : bicep femoris
Antagonist: rectus femoris
Extension agonist and antagonist at knee
Agonist : rectus femoris
Antagonist: bicep femoris
Dorsi flexion agonist and antagonist at ankle
Agonist : tibialis anterior
Antagonist: gastrocnemius, soleus
Plantar flexion agonist and antagonist at ankle
Agonist : gastrocnemius, soleus
Antagonist: tibialis anterior
Sagittal plane
- divides body into left and right
- movements = flexion/ extension, Circumduction,
eg running somersault
Frontal plane
- divides body into front and back
- movements = abduction/adduction, Circumduction
eg cartwheel
Transverse plane
- Divides body into top and bottom
- movements = medial/lateral rotation, horizontal flexion/extension, circumference
- full twist, pirouette
Isotonic
The muscle is changing length while exerting a force
Isotonic concentric
Muscle shortens
Isotonic eccentric
Muscle lengthens (acts as a break/control)
Isometric
The muscle is not changing length while exerting a force
Type 1
- Slow oxidative - endurance fibres
Type 2a
- fast oxidative glycolytic - speed endurance fibres
Type 2b
-fast glycolytic - speed/power fibres
Structural characteristics of slow oxidative
- small fibre size
- small neuron size
- many capillaries
-large myoglobin content - many mitochondria
- high glycogen stores
- low PC stores
structural characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
•intermediate fibre size
•intermediate neuron size
• many capillaries
•many myoglobin
•many mitochondria
•intermediate glycogen stores
•intermediate PC stores
structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres
• large fibre sizes
• large neuron sizes
• small amount of capillaries
•small myoglobin content
•few number of mitochondria
•low glycogen stores
•high PC stores
functional characteristics of slow oxidative fibres
• slow speed of contraction
•weak force of contraction
• slow rate of fatigue
•aerobic
•slow recovery rate
functional characteristics fast oxidative glycolytic fibres
•fast speed of contraction
•high force of contraction
•intermediate rate of fatigue
•aerobic/anaerobic
•intermediate recovery rate
functional characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres
• fast speed of contraction
• strong force of contraction
•fast rate of fatigue
• anaerobic
•fast recovery rate
motor unit
a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibres it innervates
motor unit function
to carry an impulse from the CNS to the muscle fibres to initiate muscular contractions
neuromuscular junction
•the space between the neuron and the muscle us know as the synapse
•if the action potential is high enough, acetyl choline will be secreted into the synapse creating a closed circuit for the impulse to travel into the muscle and cause contraction.
action potential
•refers to the electrical impulse travelling down the motor unit
•if this impulse it strong enough and reaches the threshold, the impulse is i’ll travel into the muscle and cause all fibres connected to the motor unit to contract
•this known as the “all or none law”
steps of the motor unit
- signal sent from CNS collected by the motor unit (action potential).
- signal moves down the axon towards the muscle fibres.
- the point at which the motor neurone communicates with the muscle fibres is called neuromuscular junction.
- if action potential is high enough the muscle travels across the synapse and into the muscle causing a contraction.