respiratory system

Question 1

the pathway of air

Answer 1

-nasal cavity/ mouth
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli

Question 2

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. Gaseous exchange

Question 3

regulation of the respiratory system at rest

Answer 3

1. the brain acts- at rest the inspiratory centre is responsible for rhythmic cycle of breathing. nerve impulses are generated and stimulate the inspiratory muscles
2. inspiration-the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
3. expiration - stimulation to the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm stops, they relax and recoil.

Question 4

regulation of the respiratory system during exercise

Answer 4

-receptors detect a change
-information sent to respiratory control centre which stimulates the inspiratory centre
Inspiration:
-increased stimulation of diaphragm and external intercostals
-recruitment of additional muscles (sternocleidomastoid & pectoralis minor)
Expiration:
-expiratory centre stimulated
-expiration becomes active
-recruitment expiratory muscles (internal intercostals & abdominals)

Overall increases minute ventilation

Question 5

Breathing frequency (f)

Answer 5

The number of breaths per minute
Rest = 12 breaths
Max exercise = 40-50
Endurance athlete = 10
Endurance athlete at max exercise = 50-60

Question 6

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 6

The volume of air inspired or experienced per breath (litres)
Rest = 0.5
Max exercise =2.5-3
Endurance athlete = 0.5
Endurance athlete at max exercise = 3.2-3.5

Question 7

Minute ventilation (VE) and values

Answer 7

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute (l/min)
Rest = 7
Max exercise =100-150
Endurance athlete = 5
Endurance athlete at max exercise = 160-210

Question 8

External pressure

Answer 8

• happens at the lungs.
• between alveoli and capillaries
• o2 and co2 diffuse from a high to low partial pressure.
• moves down the diffusion gradient.

Question 9

Internal pressure

Answer 9

• happens at the muscles.
• between capillaries and muscles
• o2 and co2 move from a high to low partial pressure.
• moves down the diffusion gradient.

Question 10

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve at rest

Answer 10

haemoglobin associates with o2 to become oxyhemoglobin at the lungs.
The oxyhaemoglobin then carries 4 o2 particles and is fully saturated. when reaching the muscles one particle is lost and dissociates with the haemoglobin, making it only 75% saturaled.

Question 11

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve at exercise

Answer 11

At exercise theres more demand for oxygen at the muscles this means that the rate of dissociation increases from the oxyhemoglobin to muscles, resulting in it in it being only 20 - 40% saturated and it losing 3 particles.

Question 12

4 factors that increase dissociation of oxyhemoglobin

Answer 12

1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3. body temperature
4. acidity

Question 13

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 13

The inspiration and expiration of air

Question 14

Gaseous exchange

Answer 14

The movement if oxygen and carbon dioxide at the lungs and at the muscles by the process of diffusion
- external respiration- movement of O2 into the blood(capillaries) and CO2 into the lungs
- internal respiration-Release of O2 to respiring cells for energy production &removing waste products

Question 15

Inspiration at rest

Answer 15

• active
  -diaphragm contracts and flattens
• external intercostals contract
• rib cage moves up and out
• volume of thoracic cavity increases
• pressure of air in lungs decreases
• air rushes in

Question 16

Expiration at rest

Answer 16

• passive
• diaphragm relaxes into dome shape
• external intercostals relax
• rib cage moves down and in
• volume of thoratic cavity decreases
• pressure of air in lungs increases
• air rushes out

Question 17

Inspiration during exercise

Answer 17

• active
• diaphragm contract with more force and flattens further
• external intercostals contracts with more force
• rib cage moves up and out more
• volume of thoratic cavity increases more
• pressure of air inside lungs decreases more
  -larger volume of air moves in

Question 18

Expiration during exercise

Answer 18

• active
• diaphragm relaxes more and is pushed further up rib cage
• external intercostals relax more
• rib cage moves down and in more
• volume of thoratic cavity decreases more
• pressure of air inside lungs increases more
• larger volume of air moves out

Question 19

Additional muscles used for inspiration during exercise

Answer 19

Sternocleidomastoid & pectoralis major

Question 20

Additional muscles for expiration during exercise

Answer 20

Rectus Abdominals & internal intercostals

Question 21

Minute ventilation equation

Answer 21

Breathing frequency x tidal volume = minute ventilation
F x TV = VE

Question 22

Diffusion

Answer 22

Moment of a gas down a diffusion gradient from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

Question 23

Diffusion gradient

Answer 23

The difference between the ares of high partial pressure and low partial pressure. The diffusion gradient is like a slide and the gases travel from the top of the slide to the bottom

Question 24

Partial pressure

Answer 24

The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases, and be written as ppO2/ppCO2

Question 25

How does oxygen increase dissociation

Answer 25

the muscles are using more o2, so decreased ppo2 inside the muscle so a steeper diffusion garment between blood and muscle

Question 26

How does carbon dioxide increase dissociation

Answer 26

the muscle is producing more co2, so increased ppco2 inside the muscle so a steeper diffusion gradient between the muscle and blood

Question 27

How does body temperature increase dissociation

Answer 27

body temperature increases so o2 more likely to dissociate

Question 28

How does acidity increase dissociation

Answer 28

lactic acid makes o2 more likely to dissociate from haemoglobin

Question 29

Factors increasing dissociation

Answer 29

• oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• body temperature
• acidity

Question 30

respiratory control centre

Answer 30

received information from the sensory nerve and sends it direct through motor nerves to change the type of respiratory muscle contraction

Question 31

inspiratory centre

Answer 31

stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract during rest and exercise

Question 32

expiratory centre

Answer 32

is inactive during rest but will stimulate additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise