Skeletal and Endocrine system

Question 1

bones

Answer 1

protect organs systems and support body weight

-206

Question 2

muscles

Answer 2

contract and pull bones

Question 3

5 main functions of bones

Answer 3

1 provide support
2 store minerals/lipids 
3 produce blood cells- new cells in lungs 
4 protect internal organs 
5 allow movement

Question 4

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

Upper and lower limbs, pectoral or shoulder, pelvic girdle

Question 5

Axial skeleton

Answer 5

central axis, skull, ossicles in the middle ear, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage

Question 6

Bone features

Answer 6

joints

Question 7

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 7

have some flexibility ex. vertebral disk

Question 8

synovial joints

Answer 8

bones have fluid filled space allowing reduced friction in movement like knees and fingers

Question 9

Sutures

Answer 9

technically joints but very little to no movement, found in skull

Question 10

Foramen

Answer 10

holes in bones that allow passage of blood vessels and nerves

Question 11

Fossa

Answer 11

depressions which allow muscle attachment to joint formation, temple

Question 12

processes and condyles

Answer 12

projections and outgrowth of bone that allow muscle attachment, temple muscle

Question 13

Arthritis

Answer 13

disorders that affect the joints, symptoms: swelling, joint pain, stiffness

Question 14

Osteoarthritis

Answer 14

“wear and tear” cartilage surrounding joints breaks down to the point where it causes pain, knees, causes: age, obesity, overuse of joints
-treatments: anti-inflammatories, reducing weight, including stretch workouts, surgery

Question 15

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 15

autoimmune form, focuses on joints, cartilage around joints diminishes

Question 16

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 16

compression of specific nerve, median nerve, carpal ligament puts pressure on nerve, could be from stiffening

Question 17

endocrinology

Answer 17

the study of hormones, endocrine organs- endocrine glands

Question 18

endocrine glands

Answer 18

synthesize , sort and release hormones into blood, regulated by complex feedback loops, affected by nervous, immune system

Question 19

endocrine system

Answer 19

slower than nervous system, signals last longer

Question 20

target cells

Answer 20

like trying to fins your car in a parking lot; your key only works for a specific gland

Question 21

endocrine glands

Answer 21

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovary, testes

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

main intermediary between brain and nervous system, produces inhibiting and releasing hormones

• GnRH
• CRH
• TRH
• GHIH
• GNIH

Question 23

Pineal gland

Answer 23

produces melatonin which regulates daily/sleep schedule, linked to light sensing nerves
-fishes and reptiles have a ‘third eye’

Question 24

Pituitary gland

Answer 24

acts as an intermediate between hypothalamus and the rest of the system

Question 25

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 25

``` responsible for many hormones– Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) • Stimulates thyroid gland – Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) • Stimulates adrenal gland – Growth hormone • Promotes growth of tissues – Prolactin • Promotes milk production function of most is to regulate production of other hormones ```

Question 26

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 26

produces oxytocin, love hormone, milk let down, uterine contraction, pair bonding, stimulation of maternal instinct

Question 27

Thyroid

Answer 27

W shaped, located beneath the larynx, needs iodine to function - T3 - T4 both control hormones - Calcitonin

Question 28

following the increase of thyroid hormone

Answer 28

hypothalamus releases TRH

Question 29

Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism

Answer 29

when there is too much or too little hormones being produces, influenced by iodine, damage to thyroid is soy because body interprets chemicals as estrogen, seaweed has a lot of iodine

Question 30

parathyroid glands

Answer 30

produces PTH (increases calcium as response) and Calcitonin (decreases calcium), controls level of calcium in blood.

Question 31

Pancreas

Answer 31

produces insulin (reduces blood glucose) and glucagon (stimulates glucose production)

Question 32

Hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia

Answer 32

Hype-fasting blood glucose exceeds 105 mg/dl | hypo- 64 mg/dl

Question 33

Diabetes

Answer 33

disease of pancreas or resistance of cells, blood sugar too high and so glucose is excreted through kidneys and pee

Question 34

Type 1

Answer 34

low to no insulin production in the body, can develop at any age, can develop after body has undergone a severe immune response

Question 35

Type 2

Answer 35

target cells become resistant to insulin because of excess sugar intake, prevent or delay by exercising, and appropriate diet

Question 36

Adrenal gland

Answer 36

help regulate metabolism, stress response, composed of adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenal cortex (cortisol- stress, aldosterone- increase blood Na+ level)