Respiration and Circulation

Question 1

Muscles

Answer 1

allow movement and facilitate bodily processes like respiration and digestion

Question 2

Muscle types

Answer 2

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 3

Skeletal muscles

Answer 3

attach to bones and sometimes skin and control locomotion and can be controlled consciously, voluntary and striated

Question 4

Tendons

Answer 4

attach tissue muscles to bone

Question 5

Ligaments

Answer 5

attach bone to bone

Question 6

Smooth muscle

Answer 6

involuntary, lining of hollow organs like in stomach

Question 7

Cardiac muscle

Answer 7

only found in the heart, pumping of the heart, striated like skeletal muscles but involuntary

Question 8

striated muscles

Answer 8

muscle fibers- bundle of fibers, each muscle fiber is made of myofibrils, each myofibril is made up of sarcomeres

Question 9

Sarcomeres

Answer 9

smallest functional unit of muscle, made of thin and thick filaments that slide past each other, shortening the muscle (contracting)

Question 10

Heart

Answer 10

circulatory pump of the body, takes deoxygenated blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs where it “dumps” carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen

Question 11

Veins

Answer 11

Blue, back to heart, deoxygenated blood

Question 12

Arteries

Answer 12

Red, take blood away from the heart, oxygenated blood

Question 13

only time when veins and arteries switch

Answer 13

when deoxygenated blood is going from the heart to the lungs

Question 14

Left ventrical

Answer 14

responsible for pumping blood throughout the entire body, thicker muscle walls

Question 15

Pacemaker cells

Answer 15

rhythmically continuous action potentials to continuously contract cardiac muscle cells (myocytes)

Question 16

Ventricles

Answer 16

on the bottom, ‘apex’ tip

Question 17

Atrium

Answer 17

top of heart, left atrium is small

Question 18

Funnel shaped valve

Answer 18

prevents back-flow, mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated can cause inefficiencies

Question 19

Regurgitation

Answer 19

valve doesn’t close properly and results in back-flow, most common in mitral valve
-fatigue, shortness of breath

Question 20

stenosis

Answer 20

when flap of valve thickens or fuses together, heart contraction force increases to compensate resulting in chest pain

Question 21

Atresia

Answer 21

Valve lack an opening, blood flow halted, proper circulation is not possible resulting in blue-toned skin

Question 22

Coronary arteries

Answer 22

how the heart itself gets a blood supply

-heart attack is blood is not getting to heart meaning n oxygen meaning the heart stops pumping

Question 23

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 23

generally refers to constriction of arteries that provided blood to the heart

Question 24

Atherosclerosis

Answer 24

build of of plaque in arteries

Question 25

Cholesterol

Answer 25

non-polar/non-water soluble, cannot be dissolved in plasma

Question 26

LDL

Answer 26

responsible for atherosclerosis, purpose is to enter cells and build things that require cholesterol as a base but sometimes it doesn’t reach those cells and then you get plaque buildup

Question 27

HDL

Answer 27

picks up the bad LDL plaque buildup and takes it to the liver to be repurposed

• increased by exercising
• Lessen LDLs by reducing saturated fats

Question 28

causes plaque

Answer 28

damage to the smooth muscle to which plaque can attach onto because of factors such of high blood pressure and smoking

Question 29

Statin drugs

Answer 29

people with high cholesterol take this to prevent the liver from making cholesterol

Question 30

Congestive heart failure

Answer 30

hearts ability to pump efficiently, weakening of heart (systolic) muscles of stiffening heart muscles (diastolic)
-Excessive fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling of lower legs

Question 31

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 31

genetic disease of the hemoglobin so that red blood cells turn into sickle shaped

• recessive allele in hemoglobin gene
• if you are a carrier you have increased resistance to malaria

Question 32

Pharynx

Answer 32

nose and mouth

Question 33

Larynx

Answer 33

comes in from pharynx, air, hard

Question 34

Trachea

Answer 34

Air is taken to lungs

Question 35

Bronchi/bronchioles

Answer 35

ever-branching bunch of blood vessels

Question 36

Alveoli

Answer 36

tip of bronchioles, gas exchange, little sacs

Question 37

Asthma

Answer 37

inflammatory disease of the lungs, caused by a variety of environmental and genetic factors