Respiration and Circulation Flashcards
Muscles
allow movement and facilitate bodily processes like respiration and digestion
Muscle types
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Skeletal muscles
attach to bones and sometimes skin and control locomotion and can be controlled consciously, voluntary and striated
Tendons
attach tissue muscles to bone
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Smooth muscle
involuntary, lining of hollow organs like in stomach
Cardiac muscle
only found in the heart, pumping of the heart, striated like skeletal muscles but involuntary
striated muscles
muscle fibers- bundle of fibers, each muscle fiber is made of myofibrils, each myofibril is made up of sarcomeres
Sarcomeres
smallest functional unit of muscle, made of thin and thick filaments that slide past each other, shortening the muscle (contracting)
Heart
circulatory pump of the body, takes deoxygenated blood from the veins and pumps it into the lungs where it “dumps” carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
Veins
Blue, back to heart, deoxygenated blood
Arteries
Red, take blood away from the heart, oxygenated blood
only time when veins and arteries switch
when deoxygenated blood is going from the heart to the lungs
Left ventrical
responsible for pumping blood throughout the entire body, thicker muscle walls
Pacemaker cells
rhythmically continuous action potentials to continuously contract cardiac muscle cells (myocytes)
Ventricles
on the bottom, ‘apex’ tip
Atrium
top of heart, left atrium is small
Funnel shaped valve
prevents back-flow, mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated can cause inefficiencies
Regurgitation
valve doesn’t close properly and results in back-flow, most common in mitral valve
-fatigue, shortness of breath
stenosis
when flap of valve thickens or fuses together, heart contraction force increases to compensate resulting in chest pain
Atresia
Valve lack an opening, blood flow halted, proper circulation is not possible resulting in blue-toned skin
Coronary arteries
how the heart itself gets a blood supply
-heart attack is blood is not getting to heart meaning n oxygen meaning the heart stops pumping
Cardiovascular disease
generally refers to constriction of arteries that provided blood to the heart
Atherosclerosis
build of of plaque in arteries
Cholesterol
non-polar/non-water soluble, cannot be dissolved in plasma
LDL
responsible for atherosclerosis, purpose is to enter cells and build things that require cholesterol as a base but sometimes it doesn’t reach those cells and then you get plaque buildup
HDL
picks up the bad LDL plaque buildup and takes it to the liver to be repurposed
- increased by exercising
- Lessen LDLs by reducing saturated fats
causes plaque
damage to the smooth muscle to which plaque can attach onto because of factors such of high blood pressure and smoking
Statin drugs
people with high cholesterol take this to prevent the liver from making cholesterol
Congestive heart failure
hearts ability to pump efficiently, weakening of heart (systolic) muscles of stiffening heart muscles (diastolic)
-Excessive fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling of lower legs
Sickle-cell disease
genetic disease of the hemoglobin so that red blood cells turn into sickle shaped
- recessive allele in hemoglobin gene
- if you are a carrier you have increased resistance to malaria
Pharynx
nose and mouth
Larynx
comes in from pharynx, air, hard
Trachea
Air is taken to lungs
Bronchi/bronchioles
ever-branching bunch of blood vessels
Alveoli
tip of bronchioles, gas exchange, little sacs
Asthma
inflammatory disease of the lungs, caused by a variety of environmental and genetic factors
