Digestion and Nutrition

Question 1

Digestive groups responsible for

Answer 1

breaking down food into smaller components, absorbing food into the body, getting rid of waste that cannot be digested

Question 2

Main organs of digestive system

Answer 2

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon, rectum, anus)

Question 3

Accessory organs

Answer 3

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 4

Breaking food down

Answer 4

physical-chewing

chemical-stomach acid

Question 5

Basic components: macromolecules

Answer 5

protein-broken down into amino acids
carbohydrates-broken down into glucose
lipids- broken down into glucose
nucleic acids

Question 6

Vitamins

Answer 6

assist in enzyme function, turned into molecules that makes things happen, organic

Question 7

Minerals

Answer 7

inorganic, necessary to make amino acids

Question 8

Mouth

Answer 8

critical parts of digestion, physical breakdown of food

Question 9

Salivary glands

Answer 9

produce amylase, break down food, especially starches, chemically
-Suffix “ase” in biology is always n enzyme

Question 10

Chewing is important because

Answer 10

chewing increases surface area, larger to surface area to volume ratio

Question 11

Esophagus

Answer 11

Bolus now, peristalsis-contractions to push food through, lower esophagus sphincter opens and closes in coordination of peristalsis

Question 12

Stomach

Answer 12

most of protein digestion, physical digestion through churning,
stomach lining, rugae, to increase surface area to absorb more nutrients and so that it can expand and contract more

Question 13

Stomach Enzyme

Answer 13

hydrochloric acid, very low pH, kills unwanted microorganisms and digests food
Produces pepsin which significantly increases digestion
Digested mixture is known as chyme

Question 14

Stomach protection

Answer 14

mucus lining, when lining is damaged or disrupted then you get ulcers, causes: NSAIDs stress, bacterial infection

Question 15

Small intestine

Answer 15

Pyloric sphincter opens (end of stomach) and chyme enters duodenum. digests fats, carbs, and rest of protein

Question 16

Liver

Answer 16

processes vitamins, digesting fats by producing bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
-Bile gets broken down in intestine and turns brown, too quickly, green, light colored is gallbladder obstruction or not getting enough bile

Question 17

Pancreas

Answer 17

Produces bicarbonate which neutralizes acidic stomach acid, produces enzymes which further digest chyme, also produces insulin

Question 18

Pancreas

Answer 18

Produces bicarbonate which neutralizes acidic stomach acid, produces enzymes which further digest chyme, also produces insulin

Question 19

Small intestine absorbtion

Answer 19

villi and microvilli increase surface area as well as circular folds

Question 20

Large intestine

Answer 20

absorb any remaining water in the chyme, some absorption still, mainly made up of colon, start is cecum which herbivores store plants for a long time for digestion

Question 21

Appendix

Answer 21

attached to cecum, considered vestigial but keeps a backup of micro-biome to help ‘reboot’ system.
It can become infected very easily because of small opening, resulting in appendicitis

Question 22

Colon anatomy

Answer 22

cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, anus

Question 23

IBD

Answer 23

diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, cramping, fatigue, inflammation, no cure- medications, steroids, antibiotics
New treatments: immunomodulators- change way immune system works
Biologic therapy- taking tissue from another organism

Question 24

UC vs Crohns

Answer 24

Crohn’s: inflammation can develop anywhere in digestion tract, appear in patches, disease can extend through entire thickness of tract, higher relapse rates

Question 25

IBS

Answer 25

much less severe, does not cause inflammation or ulcers, caused by digestive tract malfunctioning and faulty communication between brain and colon

Question 26

Celiac disease

Answer 26

hereditary disease essentially an allergic reaction to gluten, damage to intestine- reduced villi, diagnosis has dramatically increased