Skeletal Flashcards
Skeletal system functions
- Protection
- Support
- Movement
- Storage
- Blood formation (Haemopoiesis)
- Mineral homeostasis
Blood formation
RBCs, WBCs and platelets in red bone marrow within the epiphyses
Osteon
Functional unit of bones
Organic material
Gives flexibility and made of collagen
Inorganic material
Gives hardness and made of calcium salts
Epiphyseal line
Growth plate and seals when fully grown
• growth in length
Appositional growth
Growth in width of bone
Osteoblasts
Young bone cells that form new bone
Osteoclasts
Destroy bone matrix using lysosomes and are involved in bone remodelling
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells found in lacunae surrounded by matrix
Bone repair steps
1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) Bony callus forms
4) Bone remodelling occurs
Factors affecting bone growth
- Hormones e.g Growth Hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, etc.
- Minerals e.g Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iron, etc.
- Vitamins e.g Vitamin C for collagen, vitamin K and B for protein synthesis, vitamin A for osteoblast activity, vitamin D for calcium uptake
- Adequate Diet e.g For production of new cells and energy for growth
- Exercise e.g Can lead to increased bone growth
Types of joints
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
Fibrous joints
Immovable or synarthrodial
Cartilaginous joints
Slightly movable or amphiarthrodial
Synovial joints
Freely movable or diarthrodial
Synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid to nourishes cells; necessary due to limited blood flow
Types of bone
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid bones
Sesamoid bones
Type of short bone found within a tendon
Epiphysis in long bone
Head of the bone
Diaphysis in long bone
Shaft of the bone
Periosteum in long bone
Outer layer of bone
Endosteum
Inner layer of bone
Types of bone
Spongy and compact
Compact bone
Found in the diaphysis
Spongy bone
Found in the epiphysis
Has trabeculae
Ossification (osteogenesis) in fetus
The process of bone tissue formation
Intramembranous Ossification
- Bone forms within fibrous connective tissue
* forms cranial bones of skull and clavicles
Endochondral Ossification
- Cartilage model is replaced by bone,
* forms most of skeleton
Bone growth in length stages
1) Proliferation zone
2) Hypertrophic zone
3) Calcification zone
4) Ossification zone
Bone remodelling
Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Involves the activity of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
Control of bone remodelling
1) Hormonal controls - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin
2) Response to mechanical stress
Ligaments
Bone to bone
Tendons
Muscle to bone
Suture
In skull (synarthrodial)
Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament (amphiarthrodial)
Gomphosis
Teeth (synarthrodial)
Synchondroses
Hyaline cartilage (synarthrodial)
Symohyses
Fibrocartilage (amphiarthrodial)
Synovial joints examples
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball-and-Socket
Yellow bone marrow
In diaphysis
Red bone marrow
In epiphysis
Articular cartilage in synovial joint to
Reduce friction and absorb shock
Tendons connect to bone through
Periostem
Menisci
C shaped fiborus disc to absorb shock
Bursa
Sacs of synovial fluid to reduce friction
Tendon sheaths
Tube like bursa, tendons move freely with sheath
Female pelvis
Coccyx more moveable
Wider; shorter sacrum
Adapted for child birthing
Male pelvis
Coccyx less moveable
Narrow; longer sacrum
Adapted for more weight