Skeletal

Question 1

Skeletal system functions

Answer 1

• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Storage
• Blood formation (Haemopoiesis)
• Mineral homeostasis

Question 2

Blood formation

Answer 2

RBCs, WBCs and platelets in red bone marrow within the epiphyses

Question 3

Osteon

Answer 3

Functional unit of bones

Question 4

Organic material

Answer 4

Gives flexibility and made of collagen

Question 5

Inorganic material

Answer 5

Gives hardness and made of calcium salts

Question 6

Epiphyseal line

Answer 6

Growth plate and seals when fully grown

• growth in length

Question 7

Appositional growth

Answer 7

Growth in width of bone

Question 8

Osteoblasts

Answer 8

Young bone cells that form new bone

Question 9

Osteoclasts

Answer 9

Destroy bone matrix using lysosomes and are involved in bone remodelling

Question 10

Osteocytes

Answer 10

Mature bone cells found in lacunae surrounded by matrix

Question 11

Bone repair steps

Answer 11

1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) Bony callus forms
4) Bone remodelling occurs

Question 12

Factors affecting bone growth

Answer 12

• Hormones e.g Growth Hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, etc.
• Minerals e.g Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iron, etc.
• Vitamins e.g Vitamin C for collagen, vitamin K and B for protein synthesis, vitamin A for osteoblast activity, vitamin D for calcium uptake
• Adequate Diet e.g For production of new cells and energy for growth
• Exercise e.g Can lead to increased bone growth

Question 13

Types of joints

Answer 13

• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints

Question 14

Fibrous joints

Answer 14

Immovable or synarthrodial

Question 15

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 15

Slightly movable or amphiarthrodial

Question 16

Synovial joints

Answer 16

Freely movable or diarthrodial

Question 17

Synovial membrane

Answer 17

Secretes synovial fluid to nourishes cells; necessary due to limited blood flow

Question 18

Types of bone

Answer 18

• Long bone
• Short bone
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid bones

Question 19

Sesamoid bones

Answer 19

Type of short bone found within a tendon

Question 20

Epiphysis in long bone

Answer 20

Head of the bone

Question 21

Diaphysis in long bone

Answer 21

Shaft of the bone

Question 22

Periosteum in long bone

Answer 22

Outer layer of bone

Question 23

Endosteum

Answer 23

Inner layer of bone

Question 24

Types of bone

Answer 24

Spongy and compact

Question 25

Compact bone

Answer 25

Found in the diaphysis

Question 26

Spongy bone

Answer 26

Found in the epiphysis | Has trabeculae

Question 27

Ossification (osteogenesis) in fetus

Answer 27

The process of bone tissue formation

Question 28

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 28

* Bone forms within fibrous connective tissue | * forms cranial bones of skull and clavicles

Question 29

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 29

* Cartilage model is replaced by bone, | * forms most of skeleton

Question 30

Bone growth in length stages

Answer 30

1) Proliferation zone 2) Hypertrophic zone 3) Calcification zone 4) Ossification zone

Question 31

Bone remodelling

Answer 31

Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption Involves the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 32

Control of bone remodelling

Answer 32

1) Hormonal controls - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin 2) Response to mechanical stress

Question 33

Ligaments

Answer 33

Bone to bone

Question 34

Tendons

Answer 34

Muscle to bone

Question 35

Suture

Answer 35

In skull (synarthrodial)

Question 36

Syndesmosis

Answer 36

Joint held together by a ligament (amphiarthrodial)

Question 37

Gomphosis

Answer 37

Teeth (synarthrodial)

Question 38

Synchondroses

Answer 38

Hyaline cartilage (synarthrodial)

Question 39

Symohyses

Answer 39

Fibrocartilage (amphiarthrodial)

Question 40

Synovial joints examples

Answer 40

* Plane * Hinge * Pivot * Condyloid * Saddle * Ball-and-Socket

Question 41

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 41

In diaphysis

Question 42

Red bone marrow

Answer 42

In epiphysis

Question 43

Articular cartilage in synovial joint to

Answer 43

Reduce friction and absorb shock

Question 44

Tendons connect to bone through

Answer 44

Periostem

Question 45

Menisci

Answer 45

C shaped fiborus disc to absorb shock

Question 46

Bursa

Answer 46

Sacs of synovial fluid to reduce friction

Question 47

Tendon sheaths

Answer 47

Tube like bursa, tendons move freely with sheath

Question 48

Female pelvis

Answer 48

Coccyx more moveable Wider; shorter sacrum Adapted for child birthing

Question 49

Male pelvis

Answer 49

Coccyx less moveable Narrow; longer sacrum Adapted for more weight