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214.101 > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system functions

A
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood formation (Haemopoiesis)
  • Mineral homeostasis
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2
Q

Blood formation

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets in red bone marrow within the epiphyses

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3
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of bones

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4
Q

Organic material

A

Gives flexibility and made of collagen

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5
Q

Inorganic material

A

Gives hardness and made of calcium salts

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6
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Growth plate and seals when fully grown

• growth in length

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7
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in width of bone

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8
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Young bone cells that form new bone

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destroy bone matrix using lysosomes and are involved in bone remodelling

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10
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells found in lacunae surrounded by matrix

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11
Q

Bone repair steps

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) Bony callus forms
4) Bone remodelling occurs

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12
Q

Factors affecting bone growth

A
  • Hormones e.g Growth Hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, etc.
  • Minerals e.g Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iron, etc.
  • Vitamins e.g Vitamin C for collagen, vitamin K and B for protein synthesis, vitamin A for osteoblast activity, vitamin D for calcium uptake
  • Adequate Diet e.g For production of new cells and energy for growth
  • Exercise e.g Can lead to increased bone growth
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13
Q

Types of joints

A
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
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14
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Immovable or synarthrodial

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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Slightly movable or amphiarthrodial

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16
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely movable or diarthrodial

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17
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid to nourishes cells; necessary due to limited blood flow

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18
Q

Types of bone

A
  • Long bone
  • Short bone
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid bones
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19
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Type of short bone found within a tendon

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20
Q

Epiphysis in long bone

A

Head of the bone

21
Q

Diaphysis in long bone

A

Shaft of the bone

22
Q

Periosteum in long bone

A

Outer layer of bone

23
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner layer of bone

24
Q

Types of bone

A

Spongy and compact

25
Q

Compact bone

A

Found in the diaphysis

26
Q

Spongy bone

A

Found in the epiphysis

Has trabeculae

27
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis) in fetus

A

The process of bone tissue formation

28
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Bone forms within fibrous connective tissue

* forms cranial bones of skull and clavicles

29
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A
  • Cartilage model is replaced by bone,

* forms most of skeleton

30
Q

Bone growth in length stages

A

1) Proliferation zone
2) Hypertrophic zone
3) Calcification zone
4) Ossification zone

31
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Involves the activity of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts

32
Q

Control of bone remodelling

A

1) Hormonal controls - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin
2) Response to mechanical stress

33
Q

Ligaments

A

Bone to bone

34
Q

Tendons

A

Muscle to bone

35
Q

Suture

A

In skull (synarthrodial)

36
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Joint held together by a ligament (amphiarthrodial)

37
Q

Gomphosis

A

Teeth (synarthrodial)

38
Q

Synchondroses

A

Hyaline cartilage (synarthrodial)

39
Q

Symohyses

A

Fibrocartilage (amphiarthrodial)

40
Q

Synovial joints examples

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball-and-Socket
41
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

In diaphysis

42
Q

Red bone marrow

A

In epiphysis

43
Q

Articular cartilage in synovial joint to

A

Reduce friction and absorb shock

44
Q

Tendons connect to bone through

A

Periostem

45
Q

Menisci

A

C shaped fiborus disc to absorb shock

46
Q

Bursa

A

Sacs of synovial fluid to reduce friction

47
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Tube like bursa, tendons move freely with sheath

48
Q

Female pelvis

A

Coccyx more moveable
Wider; shorter sacrum
Adapted for child birthing

49
Q

Male pelvis

A

Coccyx less moveable
Narrow; longer sacrum
Adapted for more weight

214.101 (7 decks)

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