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214.101 > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

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1
Q

Main functions

A
  • Gather information (sensation)
  • Integrate & analyse information
  • Respond (behave)
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2
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brain

* Spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

• Peripheral nerves - rest of body (communication)

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4
Q

Sensory pathways

A

Afferent and efferent

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5
Q

Afferent

A

Signal towards CNS, away from muscle

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6
Q

Efferent

A

Signals towards muscle, away from CNS

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Communicate messages from one part of the body to another

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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support and protect neurons

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9
Q

Neurons comprised of

A
  • Cell body/soma
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
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10
Q

Dendrites in neuron function

A

Receive incoming messages

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11
Q

CNS group of cells and bundles called

A

Nuclei and tracts

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12
Q

PNS group of cells and bundles called

A

Ganglia and nerves

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13
Q

Cell body in neuron contain

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
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14
Q

Processes of axon in neuron

A
  • Generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
  • Begins at the Axon Hillock which is Trigger Zone for the nerve impulse
  • Any long axon is also known as a Nerve Fibre
  • Axon terminals end in synaptic knobs containing neurotransmitters
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15
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Chemicals which transmit the message from one neuron to the next cell
  • Molecules in axon terminals released in response to a nerve impulse (action potential)
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16
Q

Resting membrane

A

Negative 70mV inside, positive outside

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17
Q

Neuron communicates through

A

Action potential traveling through the neuron. They use changes in membrane potential to send signals

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18
Q

Membranes have which pumps

A

Sodium and potassium

2 potassium in, 3 sodium out

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19
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Movement of electrical current depends on having a difference in voltage across the neuron membrane

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20
Q

Stages of action potential (mV)

A

1) Resting state (-70)
2) Depolarisation (up to 30)
3) Repolarisation (down to -90)
4) Hyperpolarization (up to -70)

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21
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical impulse conducted along axon until reaching axon terminal

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22
Q

Synapse

A

The functional junction between two neurons, a neuron and muscle or gland

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23
Q

Steps of message sent through action potential

A

1) Action potential arrives at axon
2) Voltage gated calcium channels opens and calcium enters the axon terminal
3) Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
4) Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

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24
Q

Removal of neurotransmitters

A

• Diffusion
• Enzymatic degradation
• Reuptake
Important to stop sending messages/contracting

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25
Q

Neuroglia types

A

Four in the CNS - Ependymal cells

Two in the PNS - Schwann cells

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26
Q

Neuroglia functions

A
  • To surround and support neurons
  • To insulate one neuron from another
  • To supply nutrients in order to promote neuron health & growth
  • To produce chemicals that guide young neurons to make connections
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27
Q

Regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary)
  • Brain Stem (midbrain, pons & medulla)
  • Cerebellum
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28
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges

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29
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves between gyri

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30
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves; separate larger regions

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31
Q

Grey matter of brain

A

Cortex (outside); comprised of cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

32
Q

White matter of brain

A

Deep to cortex (inside); comprised of myelinated axons

33
Q

Regions of cerebral hemispheres

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Insula
34
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deep midbrain fissure

35
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

Fissure separating cerebellum and central hemisphere

36
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary movement, planning, attention, decision making, personality

37
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Body sensation, language comprehension, audiovisual integration

38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing

39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor coordination, timing

41
Q

Motor control & sensory processing is

A

Contralateral

42
Q

Thalamus

A

“Gateway” for sensory information

43
Q

Brain stem consists of

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
44
Q

Brain stem

A

Vital functions

45
Q

Types of white matter

A
  • Commissural fibres
  • Association fibres
  • Projection fibres
46
Q

Commissural fibres

A

Connect gray areas of the 2 hemispheres (also called the ‘corpus callosum’)

47
Q

Association fibres

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

48
Q

Projection fibres

A

Connect hemispheres with lower brain regions or spinal cord

49
Q

White matter of spinal cord

A

Outside – myelinated fibres/tracts:
Ascending tracts – take sensory information up to the brain
Descending tracts - take motor information away from brain

50
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord

A

Inside – comprised of cell bodies, dendrites, small unmyelinated axons

51
Q

Protection of the Central Nervous System

A
  • Bones
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Blood Brain Barrier
52
Q

Dura Mater

A

Deep meningeal layer forms folds to anchor the brain and protect large veins

53
Q

Meninges consist of

A

Three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the CNS organs
• Dura Mater (outside)
• Arachnoid Mater (middle)
• Pia Mater (inside)

54
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Web-like extensions that branch through the Subarachnoid Space which contains cerebrospinal fluid and the largest blood vessels serving the brain

55
Q

Pia Mater

A

Delicate connective tissue that adheres to the brain

56
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Provides buoyancy, makes it light and stops it collapsing in on itself, provides cushioning / shock absorption, nourishes the brain and spinal cord, carries chemical signals such as hormones, sleep and appetite molecules/ optimum environment for neuronal impulses

57
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Regulates exposure to numerous chemical substances flowing within the bloodstream from accessing delicate brain tissue

58
Q

Sections of nerves within spine

A

1) Cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8)
2) Thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12)
3) Lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5)
4) Sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5)

59
Q

Pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

60
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

61
Q

A spinal nerve consists of:

A
  • Sensory fibres are afferent neurons enter via the posterior or dorsal nerve root
  • Motor fibres are efferent neurons leave via anterior or ventral nerve root
62
Q

Reflexes consist of

A

1) Receptor
2) Sensory neuron
3) Integration centre
4) Motor neuron
5) Effector

63
Q

Somatic reflex

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle, so there is awareness

64
Q

Autonomic or visceral reflex

A

Involves smooth muscle and glands, so there’s no awareness

65
Q

Cranial reflex

A

Brainstem involved

66
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Spinal cord involved

67
Q

Ipsilateral reflex

A

Sensory nerve enters the spinal cord on the same side as the motor nerve leaves it (response on same side as stimulus)

68
Q

Contralateral reflex

A

Sensory impulses enter on one side of the spinal cord and motor nerves leave on the other side (both sides of the body may respond – e.g. pupillary reflex)

69
Q

Crossed extensor reflex is important for

A

Maintaining balance

70
Q

From sensation to perception

A

1) Receptor level
2) Circuit level
3) Perceptual level

71
Q

Receptor level

A

Sensory receptors detect a stimulus & transmit the information into the spinal cord via the afferent nerve fibre

72
Q

Circuit level

A

Sensory information travels up the spinal cord in the ascending tracts (fibres may cross over along the way) to the thalamus

73
Q

Perceptual level

A

Information is sent by the thalamus to the correct area of the somatosensory cortex to precisely identify the location of the stimulus

74
Q

Parasympathetic

A 
"Rest and digest"
• Constrict pupils
• Stimulate saliva
• Slow heartbeat
• Constrict airways
• Stimulate activity of stomace
• Inhibit release of glucose, stimulate gallbladder
• Stimulate activity of intestine
• Contract bladder
• Promote erection of genitals
75
Q

Sympathetic

A 
"Fight or flight"
• Dilate pupils
• Inhibit saliva
• Increase heart beat
• Relax airways
• Inhibit activity of stomach
• Stimulate release of glucose, inhibit gallbladder
• Inhibit activity of intestines
• Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Relax bladder
• Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction
76
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid circulation

A

1) Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle
2) Cerebrospinal fluid flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some cerebrospinal fluid flows through the central canal of the spinal cord
3) Cerebrospinal fluid flows through subarachnoid space
4) Cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

214.101 (7 decks)

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