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214.101 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions - Male reproductive

A

1) Synthesis of male hormones (androgens)
2) Production of gametes (spermatogenesis)
3) Deliver sperm

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2
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Aid in gametes production

* Regulate sexual maturation and development of secondary sex

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3
Q

Production of gametes (spermatogenesis)

A
  • Begin during puberty

* Generated by meiosis

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4
Q

Travel path of sperm

A

Sperm travels from the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra before being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation

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5
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin, keeps temperature 3 degrees below internal temperature

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6
Q

Testes (Gonads)

A

Produce sperm in lobules through seminiferous tubules, then the spermatozoa are moved into epididymis for maturation

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7
Q

Germ cells

A

Spermatogenic cells

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8
Q

Myoid cells

A

Help squeeze sperms out of the seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Leydig cells (interstitial endocrine cells) in between tubules

A

Testosterone synthesising

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10
Q

Sertoli cells (sustentocytes)

A

Provide nutrients and essential signals to the dividing cells

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11
Q

Penis

A

Contains erectile tissue covered by fibrous connective tissue with vascular spaces to enable erection

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12
Q

Duct system

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens:
  • Ejaculatory duct,
  • Urethra
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13
Q

Organs

A
  • Scrotum
  • Testes (Gonads)
  • Penis
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14
Q

Accessory glands

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
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15
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm maturation (non-motile become motile) able to swim, travel 20 days through the epididymis, move into vas deferens during ejaculation

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16
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

Sperm storage and transport organ which propels sperm to the urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation

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17
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Passes sperm into the prostate gland where it empties into the urethra

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18
Q

Urethra

A

Carries both urine and semen, and secretes lubricating mucous into lumen before ejaculation

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19
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

• Joining of both ducts form ejaculatory duct
• Secretes alkaline seminal fluid
• 70% of semen volume
Increase sperm motility or fertilising ability through
• Fructose
• Coagulation enzymes

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20
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes 1/3 of semen volume which is milk acidic fluid

Adds prostate specific antigen (PSA) and citrate

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21
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Produce thick clear mucous that neutralises acidic urine before ejaculation

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22
Q

Sperm consist of

A
  • Head
  • Mid-piece
  • Acrosome
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Tail
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23
Q

Head

A

Nucleus for genetic material and acrosome to enter egg

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24
Q

Mid-piece

A

Has mitochondria

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25
Q

Tail

A

Propels cell forward

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26
Q

Spermatogenesis and testosterone production begins when

A

Hypothalamus release GnRH signals the pituitary to release gonadotropin hormones

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27
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates spermatogenic cells to produce sperm

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28
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH

A

Stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone

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29
Q

Functions - Female reproductive

A
  • Produce female gametes-ova/eggs – gametogenesis)
  • Produce the female sex hormones (oestrogen & progesterone)
  • Provide an environment for the developing embryo/foetus
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30
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce oocytes in outer cortex (at ovulation, one egg is released) and produce sex hormones

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31
Q

Uterine tubes

A

After ovulation, cilia on fimbriae and oviducts guide egg towards uterus which takes 5 days. Fertilisation will take place in ampulla if it occurs.

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32
Q

Uterus

A
  • Hollow muscular organ
  • Three regions called fundus, body, and cervix.
  • Receives, retains & nourishes the fertilised ovum
  • During birth the uterus contracts to expel the baby & placenta
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33
Q

Layers of uterus

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
34
Q

Perimetrium

A

The outermost layer of uterus

35
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle smooth muscle layer, contracts during birth and menstruation

36
Q

Endometrium

A

The inner most layer

Fertilized egg resides there during development

37
Q

Vagina

A 
Thin muscular tube
Three functions: 
• Acts as birth canal 
• Transports menstrual flow from body 
• Receives penis and semen during sexual intercourse
38
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produces milk under hormonal & nervous influence

39
Q

Hormone release

A

Hypothalamus ↑ release of GnRH which stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates the development of follicles and production of oestrogen in the ovaries

40
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

28 days, day one is first day of menstrual flow followed by ovarian cycle (maturation of follicles) and uterine cycle (changes in uterus)

41
Q

Maturation of ovarian follicles occurs due to

A

FSH

42
Q

Maturation of ovarian follicles stages

A

1) Primordial Follicle
2) Primary Follicle
3) Secondary Follicle
4) Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle
5) Ovulation
6) Corpus luteum

43
Q

Primordial Follicle

A

Most immature, surrounded by a single layer of flat follicle cells

44
Q

Primary Follicle

A

Singe layer becomes two layers of cuboidal granulosa cells; oocyte enlarges

45
Q

Secondary Follicle

A

Granulosa cells secrete fluid containing large amounts of oestrogen into a cavity within the follicle called the antrum

46
Q

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

A

Follicle continues to enlarge as more fluid is secreted, forms a bulge on the surface of the ovary

47
Q

Ovulation

A

Each month one Graafian follicle ruptures releasing the egg

48
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Ruptured follicle forms a new structure called the corpus luteum
Cells of the corpus luteum secrete large amounts of progesterone and small amount of oestrogen

49
Q

Ovarian cycle phases

A

Phase 1: Follicular phase

Phase 2: Luteal phase

50
Q

Uterine cycle phases

A

Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

51
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Day 1 until ovulation
  • Ovarian follicles develop from primordial cells to Graafian follicles due to influence of FSH
  • Developing follicles cause increased amounts of oestrogen
  • Causes sudden increase in LH (LH surge) which stimulates ovulation
52
Q

Luteal phase

A

Day of ovulation until day before the menstrual flow begins
• LH surge causes development of the corpus luteum & its secretion of progesterone
• Corpus luteum will degenerate 10 days after ovulation if no pregnancy event and decrease in progesterone secretion

53
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Describes the changes that occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle

54
Q

Menstrual phase

A
  • Lasts from days 1 to 5
  • Functional part of the endometrium breaks down
  • Passes out of the body through cervix & vagina
55
Q

Proliferative phase

A
  • Lasts from days 6 (menstrual flow stops) to 14
  • Blood vessels & glands that form the endometrium regenerate (proliferate) due to increased oestrogen levels from developing follicles
56
Q

Secretory phase

A
  • Lasts from days 15 to 28
  • Endometrial glands secretes glycogen, blood vessels continue to develop
  • Changes are caused by increased progesterone levels (development of corpus luteum)
  • As corpus luteum degenerates, decrease in progesterone levels
  • Decrease in blood supply to endometrial cells, cells die, breakdown and menstrual flow starts again
57
Q

Oestrogen - Female reproductive

A

Source - Ovaries: developing follicles and corpus luteum
Stimulates release of - FSH (and LH)
Effects -
• Stimulate growth and maturation of reproductive organs and breast at puberty and maintain their adult size and function.
• Promote proliferative phase of uterine cycle;
• Stimulate production of watery cervical mucus
• Promote oogenesis and ovulation
• During pregnancy stimulate growth of the uterus and mammary glands

58
Q

Progesterone - Female reproductive

A

Source - Ovary: mainly the corpus luteum
Stimulates release of - LH
Effects -
• Coopreates with oestrogen in stimulating growth of breasts;
• Promotes the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
• Production of viscous cervical mucus
• Surge after ovulation to enhance fertilisation opportunity
• During pregnancy, quiets the myometrium and help achieve milk-production from breasts

59
Q

Fertilisation

A

The joining or fusion of sperm and ova

60
Q

Steps for fertilisation

A
  • Sperm penetrate the corona radiata and the zona pellucida of the oocyte
  • Takes many sperm to release enough enzyme from the acrosome to penetrate the egg
  • Depolarisation of the cell membrane of the fertilised egg and release of calcium ions to prevent polyspermy (fertilisation by more than one sperm)
  • Fertilisation of an egg by sperm forms a zygote, the genetic information of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus to complete fertilization
61
Q

Zygote to blastocyst Implantation

A

1) Zygote
2) Morula
3) Blastocyst

62
Q

Implantation

A
  • Occurs between 6-12 days after ovulation
  • Inner cell mass will become the foetus
  • Trophoblast cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
63
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) - Female reproductive

A
  • To maintain the corpus luteum (secretion of progesterone and oestrogen) for 6 weeks to prevent menstruation
  • Promote placental development
  • Levels drop once ending month 2 pregnancy
  • Maintain low levels for rest of pregnancy
64
Q

Placentation

A
  • Formation of temporary placenta from embryonic and maternal tissue
  • Placenta is fully formed and functional by the end of the third month of pregnancy
  • Maternal and embryonic blood supplies don’t intermix
65
Q

Placenta roles

A
  • Nutritional role
  • Excretory roles
  • Respiratory roles
  • Endocrine roles
  • Immune roles
66
Q

Gastrulation

A

Later embryonic development

67
Q

Ectoderm

A

Development of nervous system & skin epidermis

68
Q

Endoderm

A

Development of epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory & urogenital systems and associated glands

69
Q

Mesoderm

A

Development of everything else

70
Q

Maternal adaptions to pregnancy

A
  • Anatomical – uterine enlargement, weight gain, relaxation and widening to pelvis
  • Metabolic – rate increases,
  • Cardiovascular – blood volume increases, cardiac output increases
  • Gastrointestinal – morning sickness from hormones
  • Urinary – increased glomerular filtration rate
  • Respiratory
71
Q

Reproductive hormones

A
  • hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)
  • Progesterone
  • Oestrogen
  • hPL (human placental lactogen)
  • Relaxin
72
Q

Stages of labour

A

1) Dilation
2) Expulsion stage
3) Placental stage

73
Q

Lactation

A
  • Suckling stimulates mechanoreceptors in nipple to trigger release of prolactin-releasing factors (PRF)
  • Anterior pituitary then releases prolactin to stimulate milk production for next feedi
74
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) - Fertilisation

A
  • Similar structure and action to LH, levels fall after Corpus Luteum phase
  • Regulate placental oestrogen secretion
  • Stimulate testosterone secretion in male foetus
  • Pregnancy test
75
Q

Progesterone - Fertilisation

A
  • Levels rise throughout pregnancy, first by Corpus Luteum then by placenta, most important hormone in maintaining pregnancy
  • Maintenance and development endometrium
  • Inhibition and relaxation of smooth muscle
  • Metabolic changes, fat storage, physiological adaptation
76
Q

Oestrogen - Fertilisation

A
  • Levels rise throughout pregnancy, placenta lacks key enzymes for oestrogen synthesis- performed by foetal adrenal gland- foetus regulates placental oestrogen secretion
  • Stimulate prolactin secretion, synthesis of oxytocin receptors •Inhibit LH and FSH,
  • Stimulate breast and uterus growth
77
Q

hPL (human placental lactogen) - Fertilisation

A

Peptide hormone secreted by placenta, action similar to Growth Hormone and Prolactin, regulates nutrient levels and metabolism

78
Q

Relaxin - Fertilisation

A
  • Peptide hormone secreted by placenta late in pregnancy

* Allows uterus to enlarge and pelvis to stretch during birth

79
Q

Labour - Dilation

A
  • Fall in progesterone concentration
  • Prostaglandins - appear important in initiating contractions
  • Reflex release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary stimulates myometrial smooth muscle - increasing contraction
80
Q

Expulsion stage

A
  • Vaginal stretch stimulates contraction of abdominal walls
  • Periodic contractions increase in frequency (1 every 1-3 min)
  • Fetus expelled
81
Q

Placental stage

A
  • Expulsion of placenta
  • Myometrial contraction limits bleeding
  • All placenta fragments must be removed to prevent postpartum bleeding

214.101 (7 decks)

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