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214.101 > Muscular > Flashcards

Muscular Flashcards

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1
Q

Muscular system functions

A
  • Produce Movement
  • Maintain Posture and body position
  • Regulating organ volume
  • Moving substances in the body
  • Heat production
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2
Q

Types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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3
Q

Skeletal

A

Attached to bone or skin

• Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations

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4
Q

Cardiac

A

Walls of the heart

• Branching chains of cells, uni- or binucleate, striations

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5
Q

Smooth

A

Unitary muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs

• Single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations

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6
Q

Characteristics of muscle

A

1) Excitability (Irritability)
2) Contractility
3) Extensibility
4) Elasticity

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7
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to receive and respond to stimuli

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8
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to contract when stimulated

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9
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched or extended

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10
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to recoil to resting length

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11
Q

Origin

A

One end of the muscle is attached to a structure (usually bone) that remains stationary

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12
Q

Insertion

A

The opposite end of the muscle that is moved by the contraction

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13
Q

Tendon

A

Attach muscle to bone

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14
Q

Ligament

A

Attach bone to bone

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15
Q

Gaster/belly

A

The fleshy/meaty portion of the muscle that contracts

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16
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

Skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing paird

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17
Q

Agonist

A

Contracts to cause an action

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18
Q

Antagonist

A

Stretches & yeilds to the action of the agonist

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19
Q

Synergist

A

Contract to stabilise intermediate joints

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20
Q

Fixator

A

Stabilise the origin of the agonist

21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane of a muscle cell

22
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre, repeating units of actin and myosin

23
Q

Fascicle

A

A bundle of muscle fibres

24
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Long, cylindrical cell with multiple nuclei just beneath the sarcolemma

25
Q

Myofibril

A

Rod-like organelles with contractile proteins which make a muscle fibre

26
Q

Transverse tubules (T-tubles)

A

Tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that tunnel in from the surface toward the centre of each muscle fibre, carries action potential to myofibrils

27
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril which stores and release calcium when muscle fibre is stimulated

28
Q

Sheaths of skeletal muscle from external to internal

A

1) Epimysium - surrounds the entire muscle
2) Perimysium - surrounds the bundles of fibres (fascicle)
3) Endomysium - surrounds individual muscle fibres

29
Q

Crossbridges

A

Binding of myosin “heads” to actin

30
Q

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

A

Crossbridges forming and pulling actin towards the centre of the sarcomere

31
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament with heads attached that have actin binding sites

32
Q

Actin

A

Actin have sites for myosin to attach, that are blocked by tropomyosin

33
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks binding sites on actin so that myosin heads cannot form a crossbridge

34
Q

Troponin

A

Locks tropomyosin in place

35
Q

Crossbridge formation

A

Calcium released attaches to troponin, which releases its lock on tropomyosin. This opens the active sites of actin, allowing ATP to be used to form a crossbridge

36
Q

Huxley sliding filament theory

A

Actin and myosin slide past each other during muscle contraction

37
Q

Ratchet mechanism

A

Cross bridges are formed and broken several times to propel the actin filament towards the centre of the sarcomere

38
Q

Muscle fibre contraction steps

A

1) Nerve stimulation
2) Action potential, an electrical current, must be generated in sarcolemma
3) Action potential must be propagated along sarcolemma
4) Intracellular Ca2+ levels must rise briefly

39
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

The nerve cells that stimulate a muscle to contract

40
Q

Nerve impulse to the neuromuscular junction (synapse)

A

1) Action potential arrives at axon terminal
2) Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium enters the axon terminal
3) Synaptic vesicles then release their contents (acetylcholine) by exocytosis
4) Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter diffuses across they synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the sarcolemma

41
Q

Nerve impulse

A

Motor neuron stimulate motor units which stimulate muscle fibre

42
Q

In crossbridges calcium is the

A

Trigger

43
Q

Potential propagation

A
  • Once the muscle fibre is stimulated, an action potential is re-generated and is conducted along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules to reach all of the myofibrils
  • From the T-tubule, the impulse is transferred to the SR
  • Causes calcium to ‘flood’ out of the SR
44
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling steps

A

1) Action potential travels down the T-tubules which releases calcium
2) This triggers contraction by forming corssbridges

45
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

Nerve impulse stops

1) Calcium channels close
2) ATP actively transports calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) Absence of calcium cause tropomyosin to clock myosin bind sites on actin

46
Q

ATP regenerated through

A
  • Direct phosphorylation by Creatine phospate (CP)
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Aerobic respiration
47
Q

Direct phosphorylation by Creatine phospate (CP)

A

Take phosphate from creatine phosphate, changing ADP to ATP

1 ATP per creatine phosphate

48
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Breakdown of glucose in two stages;
1) Glycolysis
2) Lactic acid formation
No oxygen required, 2 ATP per glucose

49
Q

Aerobic respiration

A 
Breakdown of glucose in three stages; 
1) Glycolysis,
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation
Requires oxygen, 36 ATP per glucose

214.101 (7 decks)

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