Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

214.101 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Water soluble hormone act on…

A

Plasma membrane receptors since it cannot enter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipid soluble hormones act on

A

Intracellular and plasma membrane receptors since it can enter the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Water soluble hormones are

A

Protein and amino acid based hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main types of hormones

A

1) Protein and peptide hormones e.g. Insulin
2) Amino acid derivatives from tyrosine e.g. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
3) Steroid hormones e.g. oestrogen, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormone actions on target cells include

A
  • Alters plasma membrane permeability
  • Stimulates protein synthesis
  • Activates (or deactivates) enzymes
  • Induces secretion of other substances(Tropic hormone?)
  • Stimulates cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Target cells have

A

Specific receptors which the hormone binds to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Protein/AA-based hormones

A

Freely dissolved in plamsa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid and Thyroid hormones

A

Bound to protein carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Changes in plasma solute concentrations of ions or

organic nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Regulation by the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Regulation by other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive feedback

A

enhances the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypothalamus role is to

A

Stimulate release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (tropic response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypothalamus produces

A

1) Oxytocin
2) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
3) Corticotropin-releasing hormone
4) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
5) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
6) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps sustain sleep cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in uterus

* Secretion at birth (labour) and during breast feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

↑ blood concentration, ↓ blood volume or ↓ blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone release from anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
• Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
• Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
initiates the

A

Long lasting response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pituitary gland role is to

A

Secretes 9 hormones that regulate most other endocrine glands in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterior pituitary gland releases

A

1) Oxytocin
2) ADH
1) Growth Hormone (GH)
2) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4) Prolactin (PRL)
5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Posterior pituitary gland releases

A

1) Oxytocin

2) ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • Promotes protein synthesis & growth of body cells

* Influences carbohydrate & fat metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Controls production and release of thyroid hormone by

the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Controls hormone production and release by the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Starts/maintains milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • Women: Stimulates the development of ova & production of oestrogen
  • Men: Stimulates sperm production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Women: Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum & secretion of progesterone
  • Men: Stimulates development of interstitial cells of testes & production/secretion of testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Controls production & secretion of melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Negative feedback of anterior pituitary gland

A

1) Stimulus
2) Releasing hormone from hypothalamus
3) Trophic hormone from anterior pituitary
4) Target gland releases target hormone for necessary biological effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thyroid gland produces

A

1) Thyroid Hormone

2) Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

A

Increases metabolic rate & heat production
Also
• Maintaining blood pressure
• Regulating tissue growth
• Development of skeletal & nervous system
• Reproductive capabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Calcitonin

A

• Stimulates Ca2+ uptake and absorption by bones
• Inhibits osteoclast activity, and thus the release of
Ca2+ from the bone matrix

36
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesised in

A

Lumen of thyroid glands

37
Q

Parathyroid releases

A

Parathyroid hormone

38
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases plasma calcium by increasing:
• Absorption of calcium by the digestive tract
• Reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
• Phosphate excretion by the kidneys
• Activity of osteoclasts = more calcium released into the
blood

39
Q

Thyroid gland stimulus

A

Humoral stimulus
Stimulus is calcium levels too high
Releases calcitonin which increases uptake and absorption of calcium into bones

40
Q

Parathyroid gland stimulus

A

Humoral stimulus
Stimulus is calcium levels too low
Releases parathyroid hormone which activates osteoclasts to breakdown bones and release calcium. Improves absorption of calcium from GI tract and decreases calcium loss in urine.

41
Q

Pancreas (beta cells) stimulus

A

Humoral stimulus
Stimulus is blood glucose too high
Insulin increases uptake of glucose into tissue cell and stimulates glycogen formation in liver and muscle
Increases formation of fat

42
Q

Pancreas (alpha cells) stimulus

A

Humoral stimulus
Stimulus is blood glucose too low
Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in liver. Increase release of glucose into blood

43
Q

Hypothalamus stimulates

A

Release of anterior pituitary gland which stimulates release of adrenal cortex.
Stimulus is stress
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released from hypothalamus, stimulates anteriors piturtary to release adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol is anti-inflammatory, increases blood glucose, promotes protien and fat conversion into glucose (gluconeogenesis), and more fuel to deal with stress

44
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Stimulus is low blood pressure
Causes renin to be released from kidney which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin causing vasoconstriction. Angiotensin stimulates aldoterone release from adrenal cortex, cauing sodium reabsorption at kidney, increased water reabsorption by osmosis which increases blood volume –> negative feedback

45
Q

Thymus secretes

A

Thymic Hormone which is a range of collective substances

46
Q

Pancreas (exocrine and endocrine) duct cells produce

A

1) Bicarbonate neutralise

2) Stomach acidity

47
Q

Pancreas (exocrine and endocrine) cells produce

A

Digestive enzymes

48
Q

Alpha cells produce

A

Glucagon (a hyperglycaemic hormone)

49
Q

Beta cells produce

A

Insulin (a hypoglycaemic hormone)

50
Q

Acinar cells produce

A

Pancreatic juices for digestion

51
Q

Glucagon

A

1) Elevates blood glucose
2) Major target is the Liver, where it promotes…
• Glycogenolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Release of glucose to the blood

52
Q

Insulin

A
  • Lowers blood glucose
  • Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat & muscle cells
  • Inhibits glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
  • Participates in neuronal development, learning & memory
53
Q

Cortex produces

A

Cortical steroid hormones

54
Q

Medulla produces

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

55
Q

Adrenal cortex produces the hormones

A

1) Mineralocorticoids
2) Glucocorticoids
3) Gonadocorticoids

56
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate H2O and minerals in the blood (BP + volume)
• E.g. Aldosterone
• retains NaCl, bicarbonate & H2O by the kidneys
• ↑ excretion of potassium

57
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Regulate metabolism and stress response
  • E.g. Cortisol –
  • promotes protein & fat breakdown, increases blood glucose
  • Maintain BP by ↑ action of vasoconstrictors
  • ↓ inflammation & depresses the immune system
58
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex Hormones

• E.g. Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone

59
Q

Adrenal medulla produces the hormone

A

1) Catecholamines
• Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
• Also known as Adrenaline/Noradrenaline

60
Q

Catecholamines

A

Released in response to stress, they cause:
• ↑ blood glucose & fatty acid levels
• ↑ blood vessel constriction
• ↑ heart rate
• Blood to be diverted to the brain, heart and skeletal muscle

61
Q

Gonads produce

A

1) Oestrogen
2) Progesterone
3) Testosterone (& Inhibin)

62
Q

Gonads

A

Develop gametes (ova & sperm)
• Maturation of the reproductive tract at puberty
• Development of secondary sexual
characteristics
Female gonads are ovaries and male gonads are
testes

63
Q

Testosterone

A 
• Maturation of reproductive organs
• Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics & sex drive
• Necessary for normal sperm
production
• Maintains organs in functional state
64
Q

Oestrogen and progesterone

A 
• Maturation of reproductive organs
• Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics
• Breast development & cyclic changes
in lining of uterus
• Increased flexibility of tissues
involved in labour (Relaxin)
65
Q

The heart produces

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

66
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Reduces BP, blood volume and blood Na+ concentration

67
Q

The kidneys produce

A

1) Erythropoietin

2) Renin

68
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Signals production of red blood cells

69
Q

Renin

A

Starts the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism

70
Q

The liver produces

A

Angiotensin

71
Q

Angiotensin

A

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone, to increase Na+ and water retention by kidneys

72
Q

The gastrointestinal tract cells produce

A

1) Gastrin

2) Secretin

73
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulates release of HCl

74
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates liver & pancreas to produce bicarbonate

75
Q

Adipose Tissue produces

A

Leptin

76
Q

Leptin

A

Is involved in appetite control, and stimulates increased energy expenditure

77
Q

The skin produces

A

Cholecalciferol

78
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Is the precursor of vitamin D

79
Q

A stressor

A

Any stimulus that produces a stress response

80
Q

Stress benefits

A
  • Increased oxygen and glucose
  • Increased activity of respiratory and cardiovascular systems
  • Glucagon from pancreas increases metabolism
  • Functions not useful for ‘Fight or Flight’ are inhibited
  • Enhanced attention, motivation and memory
81
Q

Stress disadvantages

A

Stressors can cause illness when they:
1) Severely disrupt a person’s life
2) Are uncontrollable
• Prolonged stress (at least 6 months) can deplete the body’s resources
• Chronic stress can also lead to development of diseases & illness

82
Q

Stress response

A

1) Perception of stressor
2) Activation of the Hypothalamic-PituitaryAdrenal Axis (HPA axis) results in the secretion of:
• Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
• Adrenal Steroids – glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids
3) Suppression of non-vital functions

83
Q

Short-term stress response

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release glucose into the blood
  • Dilation of bronchioles
  • Changes in blood flow patterns leading to decreased digestive system activity and reduced urine output
  • Increased metabolic rate
84
Q

Long-term stress response

A
  • Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
  • Increased blood volume and blood pressure
  • Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
  • Suppression of immune system
85
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

• Controlled by hypothalamus
• Systemic, response to challenge on homeostasis
and returns balance, physical manifestation
coordinated

86
Q

General adaptation syndrome steps

A

1) Initial flight or fight response (ALARM) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (catecholamines)
2) Resistance (stress longer than few hours) Cortisol
3) Exhaustion resources depleted, systemic damage

214.101 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions