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214.101 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

Renal system functions

A
  • Removal of excess water
  • Removal of wastes
  • Regulation of electrolytes
  • Regulation of pH
  • Regulate blood pressure via the renin – angiotensin – aldosterone pathway
  • Release the hormone erythropoietin
  • Synthesise calcitrol (active form of vitamin D)
  • Perform gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

Renal system consists of

A
  • 2 kidneys – on posterior wall of abdomen
  • 2 ureters - transport urine to bladder
  • 1 bladder - stores urine
  • 1 urethra - carries urine to outside
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3
Q

Processes within nephron

A

1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion

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4
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure through net filtration in in glomerular capsule

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5
Q

Reabsorption

A

In proximal tubule, moving needed substances from nephron tubule in blood stream

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6
Q

Secretion

A

Everywhere but glomerular capsule, moving substances from blood in nephron tubule

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7
Q

Hormones affecting reabsorption

A
  • ADH increases water reabsorption

* Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone increases water reabsorption

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8
Q

Atrial natriuretic

A
  • Lower blood pressure

* Control electrolyte homeostasis

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9
Q

Micturition reflex

A
  • Contraction of bladder and involuntary contraction of internal sphincter
  • Controlled relaxed of the external sphincter allows urination to occur
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10
Q

Filtrate contains

A

Wastes, water, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes

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11
Q

Blood supply through kidneys

A

1) Aorta
2) Renal artery
3) Afferent arteriole
4) Glomerulus (capillaries)
5) Efferent arteriole
6) Peritubular
7) Renal vein
8) Inferior vena cava

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12
Q

Nephrons empty their products into

A

Collecting ducts, which drain into calyces, then the renal pelvis, then the ureter

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13
Q

Kidney structure

A
  • An outer cortex
  • A medulla made up of pyramids
  • Calyces leading to a pelvis
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14
Q

Role of adipose tissue

A
  • Protects the kidney
  • Holds the kidney in place
  • Acts as an energy (food) reserve
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15
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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16
Q

Each nephron consists of

A 
• Renal corpuscle
- glomerulus
- glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
• Tubule
- proximal tubule
- loop of Henle (nephron loop) 
- distal tubule
17
Q

Podocytes

A

Maximise the surface area for filtration

18
Q

Net filtration pressure is

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure = 55 mmHg
Capsular pressure - 15 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure - 30 mmHg
Net filtration pressure =10mmHg

19
Q

Proximal tube reabsorption

A

100% glucose and amino acids, 65% of the water, sodium and potassium, 80% of the bicarbonate

20
Q

Loop of Henle reabsorption

A

50% of the water is reabsorbed

21
Q

Distal tubule reabsorption

A

‘Fine tuned’ depending on the body’s requirements

22
Q

Reabsorption takes place by

A 
• Passive transport: no energy required
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
• Active transport: energy required
• Mediated: uses a protein carrier
• Non mediated: no carrier molecule
23
Q

Obligative water reabsorption

A

Water reabsorbed by osmosis (85%)

24
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

Water selectively reabsorbed, regulated by ADH in the collecting duct

25
Q

Reabsorption – Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

1) Stimulus - Low blood pressure
2) Receptors - Baroreceptors
3) Kidneys release renin
4) Activates angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin
5) Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release from adrenal cortex
6) Increases sodium reabsorption
7) Increases water reabsorption
8) Increased blood volume and narrower blood vessler increase blood pressure

26
Q

Ureters transport urine to the bladder by

A

Peristalsis

27
Q

Micturition

A

The expulsion of urine from the bladder

28
Q

Micturition steps

A
  • Bladder fills
  • Stretch receptors fire
  • Involuntary internal sphincter relaxes
  • Voluntary external sphincter relaxes
29
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number of solute particles dissolved

30
Q

A high osmolarity

A

A high Na+ concentration and low water concentration.

31
Q

A low osmolarity

A

A low Na+ concentration and high water concentration.

32
Q

Antidiuretic hormone - Reabsorption

A

1) High sodium/high osmolarity
2) Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect dehydration
3) Stimulates posterior pituitary to release ADH hormone
4) Targets collecting ducts of kidneys to reabsorb water
5) Water reabsorption increases
6) Lower osmolarity
Negative feedback

214.101 (7 decks)

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