Signal transduction Flashcards
What is proliferation?
Rapid increase in the amount of something (cells for example)
What is intercellular signalling?
Cell to cell communication
What is intracellular signalling
Components within an individual cell communicating with each other.
What are the four forms of intercellular signalling?
- ) Contact-dependent
- ) Paracrine (Middle man)
- ) Synaptic
- ) Endocrine (via bloodstream)
What is the function of a gap junction?
Allows neighbouring cells to share information.
What are the long range forms of signalling?
Synaptic and endocrine signalling
Two type of receptors involved in signalling. What are they?
- ) Cell-surface receptors
2. ) Intracellular receptors
Can gases interact with signalling molecules?
Yes
What happens when an intracellular signal is given off?
It can alter the function of the protein that is being affected by binding to it.
What is a kinase?
Enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation
What is the purpose of phosphorylation?
Regulates protein function and signalling.
What type of molecule is GTP?
A nucleotide
What happens in GTP-binding?
GDP on the substrate switches places with GTP which activates the protein to send a signal.
What is a slow method to change cell behaviour with signals?
Intracellular signal causes change in protein synthesis
What is the largest family of cell surface receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors
Which receptor do over a 1/3 of all known drugs respond to?
GPCRs
How are GPCRs activated?
- ) Ligand binding to receptor causes shape change.
- ) Receptor binds to a-subunit. Causes shape change and GDP is switched with GTP
- ) by-subunit is detached from a-subunit and is activated.
- ) Target protein attaches to a-subunit and is activated.
What does adrenaline do?
Attaches to GCPR to set off a cascade of reactions that causes glycogen to broken down into glucose.
What is the main function of PKA?
To phosphorylate molecules, it is a kinase.
How do enzyme-coupled receptors become activated?
Ligand causes dimerization and the kinases phosphorylate themselves. This allows signalling proteins to interact with the enzyme.
Which kinase regulates cell survival?
PI 3
