Signal transduction

Question 1

What is proliferation?

Answer 1

Rapid increase in the amount of something (cells for example)

Question 2

What is intercellular signalling?

Answer 2

Cell to cell communication

Question 3

What is intracellular signalling

Answer 3

Components within an individual cell communicating with each other.

Question 4

What are the four forms of intercellular signalling?

Answer 4

1. ) Contact-dependent
2. ) Paracrine (Middle man)
3. ) Synaptic
4. ) Endocrine (via bloodstream)

Question 5

What is the function of a gap junction?

Answer 5

Allows neighbouring cells to share information.

Question 6

What are the long range forms of signalling?

Answer 6

Synaptic and endocrine signalling

Question 7

Two type of receptors involved in signalling. What are they?

Answer 7

1. ) Cell-surface receptors

2. ) Intracellular receptors

Question 8

Can gases interact with signalling molecules?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What happens when an intracellular signal is given off?

Answer 9

It can alter the function of the protein that is being affected by binding to it.

Question 10

What is a kinase?

Answer 10

Enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation

Question 11

What is the purpose of phosphorylation?

Answer 11

Regulates protein function and signalling.

Question 12

What type of molecule is GTP?

Answer 12

A nucleotide

Question 13

What happens in GTP-binding?

Answer 13

GDP on the substrate switches places with GTP which activates the protein to send a signal.

Question 14

What is a slow method to change cell behaviour with signals?

Answer 14

Intracellular signal causes change in protein synthesis

Question 15

What is the largest family of cell surface receptors?

Answer 15

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 16

Which receptor do over a 1/3 of all known drugs respond to?

Answer 16

GPCRs

Question 17

How are GPCRs activated?

Answer 17

1. ) Ligand binding to receptor causes shape change.
2. ) Receptor binds to a-subunit. Causes shape change and GDP is switched with GTP
3. ) by-subunit is detached from a-subunit and is activated.
4. ) Target protein attaches to a-subunit and is activated.

Question 18

What does adrenaline do?

Answer 18

Attaches to GCPR to set off a cascade of reactions that causes glycogen to broken down into glucose.

Question 19

What is the main function of PKA?

Answer 19

To phosphorylate molecules, it is a kinase.

Question 20

How do enzyme-coupled receptors become activated?

Answer 20

Ligand causes dimerization and the kinases phosphorylate themselves. This allows signalling proteins to interact with the enzyme.

Question 21

Which kinase regulates cell survival?

Answer 21

PI 3