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Shoulder & Elbow Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
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2
Q

What is the name of the joint at which the entire upper limb and pectoral girdle articulate?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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3
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?

A
  • Head of Humerus
  • Glenoid cavity of Scapula
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4
Q

What structures are associated with the shoulder joint and what are their functions?

A

Joint capsule - fibrous sheath which encloses the structures of the joint

Synovial membrane - Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid to reduce friction between the articular surfaces

Synovial bursae - A synovial fluid-filled sac which acts as a cushion between tendons and other joint structures

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5
Q

What are the clinically important bursae found around the shoulder joint?

A

Subacromial

Subscapular

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6
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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7
Q

What type of movements can occur at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Internal rotation

External rotation

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8
Q

What factors contribute to the shoulder joint being so mobile?

A
  • Shallow glenoid cavity and large humeral head (golf ball on tee)
  • The joint capsule is lax
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9
Q

What structures give stability to the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles - Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and Teres Minor compress the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

Glenoid labrum - Deepends the glenoid cavity, reducing risk of dislocation

Ligaments - Strenthen the joint capsule

Bicep tendon - Depresses the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

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10
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the elbow?

A
  • Trochlear notch of the Ulna
  • Trochlea of the Humerus
  • Head of Radius
  • Capitulum of Humerus
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11
Q

What are the clinically important bursae around the elbow joint?

A

Intratendinous

Subtendinous

Olecranon

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12
Q

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

A

Extension

Flexion

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13
Q

What are the 2 different locations of the radioulnar articulations?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint - articulation of the radial head and radial notch of the ulna

Distal radioulnar joint - articulation between the ulnar notch of the radius and head of ulna

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14
Q

How is movement produced at the proximal radioulnar joint and what movements are permitted?

A
  • Head of radius rotates within the annular ligament
  • Pronation and Supination movements permitted
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15
Q

What muscles perform pronation and supination at the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation - pronator quadratus and pronator teres

Supination - Supinator and biceps brachii

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16
Q

What is the articular disc and what are its functions?

A
  • A fibrocartilaginous ligament

Functions:

  • Holds the radius and ulna together during movement at the joint
  • Seperates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint
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17
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint and what movements does it permit?

A

Type of joint - Pivot

Movements - Pronation & Supination

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18
Q

What muscles perform pronation and supination at the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation - Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus

Supination - Supinator & Biceps Brachii

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19
Q

What is the Interosseus membrane and what are its functions?

A

Interosseus Membrane - A sheet of connective tissue that joins the radius and ulna together between the two radioulnar joints.

Functions:

  • Holds the radius and ulna together during pronation and supination
  • Acts as a site of attachment for muscles in the forearm
  • Transmits forces from the radius to the ulna
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20
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the wrist joint?

A

Distally - Proximal row of the carpal bones

Proximally - The distal end of the radius and the articular disk

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21
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial Condyloid

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22
Q

What movements occur at the wrist joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

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23
Q

Which group of muscles perform flexion of the wrist joint?

A

Anterior forearm muscles

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24
Q

What is the combined action of extensor anf flexor carpi ulnaris muscles on the wrist joint?

A

Flexion and medial deviation

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25
What muscles are responsible for abduction of the wrist?
Abductor Pollicis Longus Flexor Carpi Radialis Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis
26
What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Extension of the wrist joint
27
What muscles produce extension at the shoulder joint?
Posterior Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major
28
What muscles produce flexion at the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis Major Anterior Deltoid Coracobrachialis
29
What muscles produce abduction at the shoulder joint?
**0-15 degrees** - Supraspinatus **15-90 degrees** - Middle fibres of Deltoid **90 degrees plus** - Trapezius & Serratus Anterior
30
What muscles produce adduction at the shoulder joint?
Pectoralis Major Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major
31
What muscles produce internal rotation at the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis Pectoralis Major Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major Anterior Deltoid
32
What muscles produce external rotation at the shoulder joint?
Infraspinatus Teres Minor
33
What muscles produce flexion at the elbow joint?
Brachialis Biceps Brachii Brachioradialis
34
What muscles produce extension at the elbow joint?
Triceps Brachii Anconeus
35
What muscles produce pronation at the radioulnar joints?
Pronator quadratus Pronator Teres
36
What muscles produce supination at the radioulnar joints?
Supinator Biceps brachii
37
Which aspect of the spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
Anterior rami (motor & sensory)
38
Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
39
Through which bony structure do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?
Intervertebral foramen
40
In the cervical portion of the vertebral column, what is the relationship between vertebral body and spinal nerve number?
The spinal nerve exits the spinal column above its corresponding vertebral body, i.e. spinal nerve C5 will exit between vertebral bodies C4 and C5
41
What is the mnemonic that can be used to remember the sub-divisions of the brachial plexus?
Read (Roots) That (Trunk) Damn (Divisions) Cadaver (Cords) Book (Branches)
42
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
43
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
Superior Middle Inferior
44
What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?
Each trunk seperates into anterior and posterior divisions
45
What are the cords of the brachial plexus?
Lateral Posterior Medial
46
What are the branches of the brachial plexus and their root values?
Musculocutaneous (C5, C6, C7) Axillary (C5, C6) Radial (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1) Median (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1) Ulnar (C8, T1)
47
What are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Levator Scapulae Rhomboids
48
What action does serratus anterior have on the pectoral girdle?
Protracts the pectoral girdle
49
Which muscles make up the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?
Deltoid Teres Major Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
50
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor
51
In relation to the shoulder joint, which of the rotator cuff muscles lie posteriorly?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor
52
In relation to the shoulder joint, which of the rotator cuff muscles lie anteriorly?
Subscapularis
53
Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for abducting the arm at the shoulder joint?
Supraspinatus
54
Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for laterally rotating the arm at the shoulder joint?
Infraspinatus Teres Minor
55
Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for medially rotating the arm at the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis
56
Which muscle is found posterior to the humerus?
Triceps Brachii
57
What is the action of triceps brachii?
Extension of the arm and forearm
58
Which muscle is the antagonist to triceps brachii?
Biceps Brachii
59
What bones does the biceps brachii attach to?
Scapula and Radius
60
What actions does the biceps brachii perform?
Flexion and supination of the forearm (due to its attachment to the radius)
61
At which joints does the radius move around the ulna?
Superior and Inferior Radioulnar joint
62
Which muscles are antagonists to biceps brachii?
Pronator Teres Pronator Quadratus

MSK (31 decks)

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