Shoulder and Upper Arm Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the shoulder joint proper

A

Humerus and the gleaned part of the scapula

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2
Q

What is important in stabilising the shoulder and also in producing shoulder rotation

A

The rotator cuff muscles

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3
Q

What is the function of the deltoid

A

power of abduction

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4
Q

What is Sprengel’s shoulder

A

A congential condition in which the scapula is higher and small than usual and also rotated into adduction

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5
Q

What results in a fracture of the clavicle

A

All onto the shoulder or the outstretch hand

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6
Q

What is the treatment for a fractured clavicle

A

Supporting the weight of the arm in a broadarm sling

Occasionally internal fixation

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7
Q

How do fractures of the accordion and scapula occur

A

direct blow or fall and rarely displaced

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8
Q

What causes a subluxation or dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint

A

fall onto the shoulder often as a result of sport

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9
Q

What does a complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint involve

A

rupture of the superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments and the coracoclavicular ligament

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of a subluxed or dislocated acromioclavicular joint

A

Outer end of the clavicle is abnormally prominent and tender usually with some additional swelling
Restricted shoulder movements

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11
Q

What is the treatment for a subluxed or dislocated acromioclavicular joint

A

Broad sling

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12
Q

How do dislocations of the shoulder occur

A

following a fall on the arm or shoulder

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13
Q

What happens to the deltoid muscle in an anterior dislocation

A

it becomes flattened- loss in the curved contour of the shoulder and becomes squared off

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14
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a posterior shoulder dislocation

A

Light bulb appearance

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15
Q

What should be done if there is any doubt about a shoulder dislocation

A

CT scan

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16
Q

What are possible complications of a shoulder dislocation

A

axillary nerve is damaged - paralysis of the deltoid

17
Q

What are some methods of reducing a shoulder dislocation

A

Hippocratic method
Kocher’s method
Patient lies face down with the arm hanging over the side of a cough and operator can slip the humeral head back in when the patient is given analgesic injection

18
Q

How is the Hippocratic method of reduction performed

A

Pain relief and encouraged to relax

Patient supine, surgeon pulls downwards on the arm whilst applying counter-traction in the axilla with his or her foot

19
Q

How is the Kocher’s method of reduction performed

A

The elbow is flexed and traction applied tot eh arm
Arm is then externally rotated, adducted across the chest and flexed at the shoulder and then internally rotated until the forearm touches the chest

20
Q

How long is a patients arm immobilised for in a sling

A

3 weeks

21
Q

What is the treatment for recurrent dislocations of the shoulder

A

surgical treatment to stabilise the shoulder or to repair the damaged capsule and labrum to the gleaned

22
Q

Describe the type of fracture that normally occurs in a humeral neck

A

comminuted fracture

23
Q

What might an impacted humeral neck fracture result in

A

damage to the brachial plexus or axillary artery

24
Q

What is the prognosis for a humeral neck fracture

A

Reduced normal range of movement after

25
Q

What is capsulitis

A

A very common condition - the shoulder is prone to stiffness following immobilisation in a sling

26
Q

What is the commonest biceps injury

A

rupture of the long head of biceps from its insertion to the gleaned tubercle
Popeye appearance

27
Q

What type of biceps injury requires surgery

A

When the distal biceps pulls away from its attachments to the radial tubercle