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Lecture Notes- Orthopaedics and Fractures > MSK structures and function > Flashcards

MSK structures and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the connective tissues of the body composed of

A

cells embodied in a matrix which varies in its quantity and composition

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cels in connective tissue

A

Bony - osteoid (produced by osteoblasts)
Cartilaginous - chondroid (produced by chondroblasts)
Fibrous - collagenous tissue (produced by fibroblasts)

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3
Q

What type of collagen does bone contain

A

type 1

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4
Q

What type of collagen does hyaline cartilage contain

A

type 2

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5
Q

What kind of collagen does skin contain

A

Types 1 and 3

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6
Q

How do connective tissues grow

A

by cell proliferation and deposition of intercellular material

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7
Q

What is the function of “ground substance”

A

It is an important water-binding agent

It acts as an ion-exchange resin in controlling the passage of electrolytes

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8
Q

What factors affect the deposition of ground substance

A

hormones and vitamins

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9
Q

What does demineralisation of bone result in and what might it be caused by

A

loss of bone strength

May be caused by diminished matrix formation, inadequate calcification or bone resorption

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10
Q

What is the shaft of a bone called

A

diaphysis

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11
Q

what is the name of the zone adjacent to the epiphyseal line

A

metaphysis

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12
Q

What part of the developing bone is the most metabolically active

A

Metaphysis

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13
Q

What do short bones consist of

A

cancellous core surrounded by a layer of cortical bone, partly covered by articular cartilage

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14
Q

Where are important sites of blood formation throughout life

A

vertebral bodies

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15
Q

Where on the bone do pathological factors occur

A

transversely

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16
Q

What gives bone hardness and strength

A

osteoid - it is heavily infiltrated with calcium salts

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17
Q

What is a normal bone composed of

A

concentric cylinders of matrix with cells lying in lacunae between the layers, the whole forming a “haversian system”

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18
Q

Describe the difference in the haversian system in the hard cortex and in the cancellous bone

A

Hard - tightly packed together

cancellous - more loosely arranged

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19
Q

What are the hollow centres of the shafts of bone filled with

A

marrow

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20
Q

What occurs in the marrow thought the bone in the child

A

Haemopoiesis

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21
Q

What is each bone ensheathed by

A

fibrous periosteum with an undlerying layer of osteoblasts

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22
Q

How do bone initially develop in the fetus

A

As condensations of mesenchymal tissue i the axis of the limb

23
Q

What eventually ossifies

A

The matrix

24
Q

How does growth in width occur

A

deposition of non-cartilaginous subperiosteal bone

25
Q

When are the most common times for bone remodelling

A

During growth and after fracture healing

26
Q

Cartilage varies in appearance and physical characteristics depending on what

A

predominant type of fibril and the density of the matrix

27
Q

What are the two types of fibril

A

collagen and elastin

28
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
White fibro-cartialge
Yellow or elastic fibre-cartilage

29
Q

Where is white fibre-cartilage mainly found

A

in midline structures e.g. intervertebral discs and symphyses

30
Q

Where is yellow or elastic fibre-cartilage found

A

nasal and aural cartilages

31
Q

What type of cartilage contains the highest proportion of elastin

A

Yellow or elastic fibrocartilage

32
Q

How does cartilage grow

A

direct proliferation of the cells with pericellular deposition of matrix

33
Q

Why does damage to an articular surface have long-lasting consequences

A

The capacity of hyaline cartilage to regenerate and repair itself is strictly limited

34
Q

What does fibrous tissue consist of

A

mainly collagen fibres with relatively little matrix

35
Q

What is an example of an inherited disorder of collagen metabolism

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

36
Q

What does scar tissue consist of

A

Almost entirely collagenous material

37
Q

What is a keloid

A

Formation of over-exuberant scar tissue

38
Q

What race is more prone to developing a keloid

A

Those with Black skin

39
Q

What are ligaments necessary for

A

joint stability

40
Q

What is a partial rupture of a ligament known as and what is the prognosis

A

Sprain or strain

Usually heals completely

41
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joint

A

Sutures of the skull

42
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous join

A

Vertebral bodies

43
Q

Where does the articular cartilage of a synovial joint derive most of its nutrition

A

from the synovial fluid

44
Q

What is the main function of a fibre-cartilaginous disc

A

Stress-distributing function

45
Q

Describe the appearance of articular cartilage

A

smooth and elastic

46
Q

What are the functions of the muscles

A

moving the joints

joint stability

47
Q

What is skeletal muscle composed of

A

fibres whose length varies from a free mm to about 30cm
Each fibre contains many nuclei embedded in its synctium and the fibre itself is built up of many myofibrils each of which consist of units of the proteins actin and myosin

48
Q

What happens if there are many fibres arranged obliquely to the line of pull

A

the power is greater but the ability to shorten is less

49
Q

Where do nerves enter the muscle

A

at the motor point

50
Q

How do muscles attach to bone

A

by a tendon

51
Q

Why do tendons frequently become separated or protected from their underlying bones

A

The do not resist pressure very well

52
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

larger tendons which contain a bone within their substance at the place where they cross a joint and have a bear considerable stress

53
Q

Give an example of an anatomical bursa that communicates with the nearby joint that may become distended or diseased if pathology develops in the underlying joint

A

Baker’s cyst

Lecture Notes- Orthopaedics and Fractures (23 decks)

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