MSK structures and function

Question 1

What are the connective tissues of the body composed of

Answer 1

cells embodied in a matrix which varies in its quantity and composition

Question 2

What are the 3 types of cels in connective tissue

Answer 2

Bony - osteoid (produced by osteoblasts)
Cartilaginous - chondroid (produced by chondroblasts)
Fibrous - collagenous tissue (produced by fibroblasts)

Question 3

What type of collagen does bone contain

Answer 3

type 1

Question 4

What type of collagen does hyaline cartilage contain

Answer 4

type 2

Question 5

What kind of collagen does skin contain

Answer 5

Types 1 and 3

Question 6

How do connective tissues grow

Answer 6

by cell proliferation and deposition of intercellular material

Question 7

What is the function of “ground substance”

Answer 7

It is an important water-binding agent

It acts as an ion-exchange resin in controlling the passage of electrolytes

Question 8

What factors affect the deposition of ground substance

Answer 8

hormones and vitamins

Question 9

What does demineralisation of bone result in and what might it be caused by

Answer 9

loss of bone strength

May be caused by diminished matrix formation, inadequate calcification or bone resorption

Question 10

What is the shaft of a bone called

Answer 10

diaphysis

Question 11

what is the name of the zone adjacent to the epiphyseal line

Answer 11

metaphysis

Question 12

What part of the developing bone is the most metabolically active

Answer 12

Metaphysis

Question 13

What do short bones consist of

Answer 13

cancellous core surrounded by a layer of cortical bone, partly covered by articular cartilage

Question 14

Where are important sites of blood formation throughout life

Answer 14

vertebral bodies

Question 15

Where on the bone do pathological factors occur

Answer 15

transversely

Question 16

What gives bone hardness and strength

Answer 16

osteoid - it is heavily infiltrated with calcium salts

Question 17

What is a normal bone composed of

Answer 17

concentric cylinders of matrix with cells lying in lacunae between the layers, the whole forming a “haversian system”

Question 18

Describe the difference in the haversian system in the hard cortex and in the cancellous bone

Answer 18

Hard - tightly packed together

cancellous - more loosely arranged

Question 19

What are the hollow centres of the shafts of bone filled with

Answer 19

marrow

Question 20

What occurs in the marrow thought the bone in the child

Answer 20

Haemopoiesis

Question 21

What is each bone ensheathed by

Answer 21

fibrous periosteum with an undlerying layer of osteoblasts

Question 22

How do bone initially develop in the fetus

Answer 22

As condensations of mesenchymal tissue i the axis of the limb

Question 23

What eventually ossifies

Answer 23

The matrix

Question 24

How does growth in width occur

Answer 24

deposition of non-cartilaginous subperiosteal bone

Question 25

When are the most common times for bone remodelling

Answer 25

During growth and after fracture healing

Question 26

Cartilage varies in appearance and physical characteristics depending on what

Answer 26

predominant type of fibril and the density of the matrix

Question 27

What are the two types of fibril

Answer 27

collagen and elastin

Question 28

What are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 28

Hyaline White fibro-cartialge Yellow or elastic fibre-cartilage

Question 29

Where is white fibre-cartilage mainly found

Answer 29

in midline structures e.g. intervertebral discs and symphyses

Question 30

Where is yellow or elastic fibre-cartilage found

Answer 30

nasal and aural cartilages

Question 31

What type of cartilage contains the highest proportion of elastin

Answer 31

Yellow or elastic fibrocartilage

Question 32

How does cartilage grow

Answer 32

direct proliferation of the cells with pericellular deposition of matrix

Question 33

Why does damage to an articular surface have long-lasting consequences

Answer 33

The capacity of hyaline cartilage to regenerate and repair itself is strictly limited

Question 34

What does fibrous tissue consist of

Answer 34

mainly collagen fibres with relatively little matrix

Question 35

What is an example of an inherited disorder of collagen metabolism

Answer 35

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 36

What does scar tissue consist of

Answer 36

Almost entirely collagenous material

Question 37

What is a keloid

Answer 37

Formation of over-exuberant scar tissue

Question 38

What race is more prone to developing a keloid

Answer 38

Those with Black skin

Question 39

What are ligaments necessary for

Answer 39

joint stability

Question 40

What is a partial rupture of a ligament known as and what is the prognosis

Answer 40

Sprain or strain | Usually heals completely

Question 41

Give an example of a fibrous joint

Answer 41

Sutures of the skull

Question 42

Give an example of a cartilaginous join

Answer 42

Vertebral bodies

Question 43

Where does the articular cartilage of a synovial joint derive most of its nutrition

Answer 43

from the synovial fluid

Question 44

What is the main function of a fibre-cartilaginous disc

Answer 44

Stress-distributing function

Question 45

Describe the appearance of articular cartilage

Answer 45

smooth and elastic

Question 46

What are the functions of the muscles

Answer 46

moving the joints | joint stability

Question 47

What is skeletal muscle composed of

Answer 47

fibres whose length varies from a free mm to about 30cm Each fibre contains many nuclei embedded in its synctium and the fibre itself is built up of many myofibrils each of which consist of units of the proteins actin and myosin

Question 48

What happens if there are many fibres arranged obliquely to the line of pull

Answer 48

the power is greater but the ability to shorten is less

Question 49

Where do nerves enter the muscle

Answer 49

at the motor point

Question 50

How do muscles attach to bone

Answer 50

by a tendon

Question 51

Why do tendons frequently become separated or protected from their underlying bones

Answer 51

The do not resist pressure very well

Question 52

What are sesamoid bones

Answer 52

larger tendons which contain a bone within their substance at the place where they cross a joint and have a bear considerable stress

Question 53

Give an example of an anatomical bursa that communicates with the nearby joint that may become distended or diseased if pathology develops in the underlying joint

Answer 53

Baker's cyst