Short-Term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

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2
Q

sensory memory

A

the brief retention of sensory information

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3
Q

short-term memory/working memory

A

information that stays in our memory for brief periods of time (10 to 15 seconds)

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4
Q

episodic memory

A

long-term memory of experiences

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5
Q

procedural memory

A

long-term memory of the ability to do something involving muscle coordination

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6
Q

semantic memory

A

long-term memory of facts

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7
Q

everything we know or think about at each moment in time is in _________

A

short-term memory

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8
Q

modal model

A
  1. sensory memory holds all incoming information for seconds/fraction of a second
  2. STM holds 5-7 items for about 15-20 seconds
  3. LRM can hold a large amount of information for years
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9
Q

control processes

A

dynamic processes associated with the types of memory that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another

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10
Q

encoding

A

the process of encoding information in LTM

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11
Q

retrieval

A

the process of remembering information in LTM

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12
Q

persistence of vision

A

the brief retention of the perception of light

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13
Q

whole report method

A

subjects are asked to report every aspect of a stimulus

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

the brief sensory memory for visual stimuli

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

the brief sensory memory for sound

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16
Q

most information in STM is ____

A

lost

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17
Q

decay

A

when information is lost from memory due to passage of time

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18
Q

proactive interference

A

when information that was learned previously interferes with learning new information

19
Q

retroacting interference

A

when new information interferes with remembering old learning

20
Q

digit span

A

the number of digits a person can remember

21
Q

chunking

A

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

22
Q

effect of chunking?

A

enables STM to deal with a larger amount of information

23
Q

working memory

A

a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks

24
Q

How is information copied into memory store?

A

Attention selects information from sensory memory via pattern recognition to transfer to STM

25
George Miller
wrote a paper on the "magic number" of STM capacity (7 +/- 2 chunks)
26
chunk
a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements of other chunks
27
recoding
packaging more information into each chunk
28
mnemonic
a technique for improving memory
29
verbal information is recoded into _____ format in _____
- acoustic | - working memory
30
Saul Sternberg
developed a way to measure working memory retrieval using recognition, not recall
31
serial memory scan
scanning items in memory one at a time
32
parallel memory scan
scanning all items at ones
33
Alan Badley
shifted emphasis from STM (passive storage) to working memory (active processing)
34
central executive
directs and controls all working memory functions
35
visuo-spacial sketchpad
a slave system for holding visual information
36
phonological loop
a slave system for holding and recycling auditory information (articulatory loop for using/phonological store for holding info)
37
episodic buffer
where information from different modalities and sources is bound together
38
serial vs free recall
serial- same order they were presented | free- any order
39
primacy
superior memory for the beginning information in a sequence
40
recency
superior memory for the ending information in a sequence
41
dissociation
an independent variable affects one situation different from another (eg. distraction affects WM but not LTM)
42
phonological similarity effect
the confusion of letters or words that sound similar
43
word length effect
memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words
44
perseveration
repeating the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal