Conceptual Knowledge

Question 1

conceptual knowledge

Answer 1

knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions

Question 3

categorization

Answer 3

the process by which things are placed into groups called categories

Question 4

exemplar approach

Answer 4

concept is represented by multiple examples rather than a single prototype

Question 5

typicality effect

Answer 5

things that are similar to the prototype(s) are recognized as being in that category faster

Question 6

prototypes may work best for ______

Answer 6

larger categories (general)

Question 7

examplars may work best for _____

Answer 7

small categories (exceptions)

Question 8

verification

Answer 8

indicating the truth of a test item

Question 9

production

Answer 9

retrieving an instance from memory when given a cue (generating some part of an answer)

Question 10

Allan Collins and Ross Quillian developed the

Answer 10

hierarchical network model

Question 11

hierarchical network model

Answer 11

semantic memory consists of a network of basic elements connected by pointers which express relations between elements (basically like lists in programming)

Question 12

feature comparison model

Answer 12

all concepts in semantic memory are represented as lists of features

Question 13

2 types of features in feature comparison model:

Answer 13

1. defining features (essential to define concept)

2. characteristic features (common to many members of category, but not essential)

Question 14

spreading activation network model

Answer 14

• concepts organized in network, but organization not hierarchical
• features also stored with concepts
• assume activation spreads between concepts

Question 15

lexical decision task

Answer 15

asking if something is a word or not

Question 16

connectionist approach

Answer 16

• creating computer models for representing cognitive processes
• knowledge represented in the distributed activity of many units

Question 17

how learning occurs with the connectionist approach

Answer 17

• network responds to stimulus
• provided with correct response
• error signal
• modigies responding to better match correct response

Question 18

error signal

Answer 18

difference between actual activity of each output unit and the correct activity

Question 19

embodied cognition

Answer 19

knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object

Question 20

mirror neurons

Answer 20

neurons that fire when we do a task or when we observe another doing that same task

Question 21

definitional approach to categorization

Answer 21

we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets the definition of the category

Question 22

family resemblance

Answer 22

things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways

Question 23

graceful degredation

Answer 23

disruption of performance occurs only gradually as parts of the system are damaged

Question 24

hub and spoke model

Answer 24

areas of the brain that are associated with specific functions are connected to the anterior temporal lobe, which serves as a hub wthat integrates the information from these areas