Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 221 > Intro/History > Flashcards

Intro/History Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive psychology

A

the branch of psychology concerned with the specific study of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mind

A

the system that creates mental perceptions of the world and controls mental functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cognition

A

what is going on in the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Franciscus Donders

A

did one of the first experiments that today would be called a cognitive psychology experiment in 1868

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

reaction time

A

how long it takes to respond to the presentation of a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Franciscus Donders’s experiment

A

measured decision-making time by comparing simple reaction time (pressing a button when a light flashes) with choice reaction time (pushing left or right button)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mental responses cannot be ____ but must be ____ from ____

A
  • measured directly
  • inferred
  • behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who founded the first psychology laboratory, and when?

A

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

structuralism

A

our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wundt wanted to create a

A

periodic table of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

analytic introspection

A

trained subjects describe their experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when was structuralism abandoned

A

early 1900’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what was Hermann Ebbinghaus interested in?

A

determining the nature of memory and forgetting, specifically how rapidly learned information is lost over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how did Ebbinghaus study memory?

A

calculated savings based on how long it took for him to learn a list of syllables compared to how long it took him to re-learn them after forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

savings (memory)

A

(time it takes to learn) - (time it takes to re-learn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the savings curve show?

A

memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after the initial learning and then levels off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

who was William James?

A
  • American psychologist focused on functionalism
  • taught first psychology class at Harvard in 1890
  • studied and wrote a book on the operations of his own mind
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what was one of the reasons why psychology rejected the study of mental processes?

A

negative reaction to Wundt’s technique of analytic introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what point of view did Watson propose and why?

A

Behaviourism, because he was not satisfied with introspection and wanted to study only things we can objectively observe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Watson’s most famous experiment

A

the Little Albert experiment, where a baby formed a negative association with rats after the pairing of a rat and a loud noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of study did B.F. Skinner introduce?

A

operant conditioning, which focuses on how behaviour is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Skinner and Watson have in common?

A

they both focused solely on determining how behaviour was controlled by stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tolman was one of the early ______ because he used behaviours to _______

A
  • cognitive psychologists

- infer mental processes

24
Q

Tolman’s experiment with rats showed that

A

they created a cognitive map of the maze they were in

25
Chomsky believed that language is ____, while Skinner believed that language is _____
- innate | - learned through reinforcement
26
Chomsky's theory of language showed psychologists that
one cannot understand complex cognition through observation of behaviour alone
27
when was the cognitive revolution?
1950's
28
what is the information-processing approach and what inspired it
- an approach that believes the operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages - inspired by computers' information processing stages
29
William James's idea of attention
when we decide to attend to one thing, we must withdraw from other things
30
Who proposed the first flow diagram of the mind?
Thomas Broadbent
31
who inspired the first idea of artificial intelligence?
John McCarthy in the early 1950's
32
what is the logic theorist and who created it?
- a program that created proofs of mathematical theorems that involved principles of logic - Simon and Newell created it
33
Miller's idea of the mind's capacity
the human mind's processing limit is 7 items plus/minus 2
34
what year is considered the birthday of cognitive science?
1956
35
who coined the term cognitive psychology?
Ulrich Neisser
36
the path of research in cognitive psychology is fueled by
asking questions
37
structural model
represent structures in the brain
38
process models
illustrate how a process operates
39
sensory memory holds information for _____ and then passes most of this information to _____
- a fraction of a second | - short-term memory
40
episodic memory
memory of events in your life
41
semantic memory
memory of facts
42
procedural memory
memory for physical actions
43
origins of "cognition'
- gnosco (Greek "to know") emphasizes structure | - gogito (Latin "I think") emphasizes process
44
structure/representation
the knowledge you possess; the information in your memory
45
static vs dynamic structures
constant vs changing
46
process
an operation on an external stimulus or on an internal representation (doing something to a representation)
47
performance
the observable behaviour that we must use as evidence of cognition, is not a perfect representation of what's going on in the mind
48
Diogenes of Apollonia
- idea that the different senses integrate information | - theory of air as the vehicle for cognition
49
Aristotle
- tabula rasa = blank slate | - 380 B.C.
50
Plato vs Aristotle view of particulars
- Plato thought that particulars are imperfect versions of a universal idea - Aristotle thought that the universal idea is in each particular
51
doctrine of association
- contiguity (happen together) - similarity - contrast
52
psychophysics
the systematic study of the relation between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensations that they produce
53
Titchener's goal
find the structural elements of the mind
54
James-Lange theory
physical responses cause psychological feelings
55
theory
system of explanatory ideas that helps us describe and understand a complex domain
56
the scientific method requires
- careful consideration of the research question - strict use of experimental controls - be as objective as possible with the data - external verification

PSYC 221 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions