Long-Term Memory

Question 1

episodic memory

Answer 1

memory of events

Question 2

semantic memory

Answer 2

facts, knowledge

Question 3

explicit memory (conscious)

Answer 3

• episodic

- semantic

Question 4

implicit memory (not conscious)

Answer 4

• procedural
• priming
• conditioning

Question 5

procedural memory

Answer 5

• skill memory: memory for actions

- perform procedures without being consciously aware of how to do them

Question 6

people who cannot form new LTMs can still learn _____

Answer 6

new skills

Question 7

Donald Hebb

Answer 7

• Father of neuropsychology and neural networks

- The Organization of Behaviour (1949)

Question 8

priming

Answer 8

presentation of an earlier stimulus changes a person’s response to a test stimulus

Question 9

propaganda effect

Answer 9

we are more likely to rate statements read or heard as being true (even when initially told it was false or didn’t believe it)

Question 10

classical conditioning

Answer 10

the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response (dog salivating from ringing of bell)

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

behaviour is strengthened by presentation of reinforcers or withdrawal of negative ones

Question 12

how info is transferred to episodic memory

Answer 12

-rehearsal (a set of strategies for encoding information into LTM

Question 13

Types of rehearsal:

Answer 13

• maintenance: keeps information ‘alive” in WM

- elaboration: “promotes” information to LTM (make connections rather than just memorization)

Question 14

levels of processing

Answer 14

memory depends on how information is encoded

-depth of processing: shallow/deep

Question 15

who proposed the ‘levels of processing’ concept?

Answer 15

Craig & Tulving

Question 16

criticisms of levels of processing

Answer 16

• circular: there is no independent measure of depth in the framework (deciding which category is deeper)
• context effects: results are sometimes opposite from predicted

Question 17

value of levels of processing theory:

Answer 17

• places emphasis on processes

- introduced incidental learning

Question 18

representation of LTM

Answer 18

• people tend to cluster related items

- mostly semantic

Question 19

for information in LTM is forgotten

Answer 19

• LTM is better when sleeping after learning, suggesting retroactive interference plays a role in loss of information
• retrieval failure
• decay

Question 20

interference theory of forgetting

Answer 20

emphasized role of proactive interference

Question 21

retrieval from LTM

Answer 21

-may be “content-addressable” to optimize access and speed (able to search within part of memory related to what you need)

Question 22

context dependency

Answer 22

emphasizes the match between encoding and retrieval

Question 23

encoding specificity principle

Answer 23

• the idea that the way in which information is encoded determines the optimal way to retrieve that information
• the better the match the more likely you will be able to retrieve it

Question 24

state-dependent learning

Answer 24

learning is associated with a particular internal state (better memory if a person’s mood at encoding matches mood during retrieval)

Question 25

the capacity of LTM is ____

Answer 25

unlimited

Question 26

recent long-term memories tend to be more ____

Answer 26

detailed

Question 27

the serial position curve suggests that

Answer 27

memory is better for words at the beginning of the list and at the end of the list than for words in the middle

Question 28

the primacy effect

Answer 28

when subjects tend to remember words at the beginning of a sequence

Question 29

the recency effect

Answer 29

a better memory for words presented at the end of a sequence

Question 30

best explanation for recency effect

Answer 30

the most recently presented words are still in STM and therefore are easier for subjects to remember

Question 31

best explanation for primacy effect

Answer 31

subjects had time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM

Question 32

coding

Answer 32

the form in which stimuli are presented

Question 33

recognition memory

Answer 33

the identifiction of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

Question 34

autobiographical memory

Answer 34

memory for specific experiences from our life

Question 35

the semantic components of autobiographical memory are called

Answer 35

personal semantic memories

Question 36

semanticization of remote memories

Answer 36

loss of episodic derail for memories of long-ago events

Question 37

difficulty remembering things of the past is often associated with

Answer 37

difficulty imagining future events

Question 38

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 38

episodic memories are extracted and combined to construct simulations of future events

Question 39

repetition priming

Answer 39

the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus

Question 40

consolidation

Answer 40

the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state

Question 41

synaptic consolidation

Answer 41

takes place over minutes or hours, involves structural changes at synapses

Question 42

systems consolidation

Answer 42

takes place over months or years, involves gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain

Question 43

long-term potentiation

Answer 43

enhanced firing of neurons after repeated simulation

Question 44

rectivation

Answer 44

a process in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory

Question 45

graded amnesia

Answer 45

when amnesia tends to be most severe for events that happened just before the injury

Question 46

multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 46

the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of episodic memories, even if they originated long ago

Question 47

reconsolidation

Answer 47

when a memory is retrieved, it becomes fragile and needs to be consolidated again