Short-term and working memory Flashcards

1
Q

Clive Wearing

A
  • ## Anterograde amnesia
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2
Q

Kosakoff’s Syndrome & Amnesia

A
  • Jimmie R. became a patient of Dr. Oliver Sachs’ beginning in the year 1975; however, Jimmie believed it to be 1945…and always would
  • Dr. Sachs showed Jimmie a mirror (he was 49 years old) and he reacted with horror and confusion
    Mercifully, he was easily distracted and remembered nothing 5
    minutes later
  • Amnesia is a symptom, not a disease in and of itself ‐ in Jimmie’s case, this was caused by Korsakoff’s Syndrome
     Alcohol‐induced brain damage (mammillary bodies)
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3
Q

The Hippocampus Patient- H.M.

A
  • Temporal lobe epilepsy
  • Removal of hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal & perirhinal cortices
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4
Q

Biological basis of memory

A

Neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have greatly informed our understanding of memory systems

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5
Q

Early view: The Modal Model (wrong)

A
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6
Q

The Revised Model

A
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7
Q

Early view: The Modal Model

A
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8
Q

Test of sensory (iconic) memory: Sperling’s Partial Report Paradigm

A
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9
Q

Short-term/working memory

A
  • STM Capacity: Digit‐span task
  • The participant is asked to remember digits.
  • The list is increased until memory fails. The maximum number is the digit span.
  • Remember 7 +/‐ 2 items
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10
Q

STM Duration: Brown‐Peterson Paradigm

A
  • Experimenter reads first a consonant trigram (e.g., DBX) and then a 3‐digit number out loud to participant.
  • Participant first counts backward by 3’s starting from the 3‐digit number for a varying amount of time
  • Then asked to recall 3 consonants in order
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11
Q

The Modal Model: Serial Position Curve

A
  • Presented with a long series of words (e.g., 30)
  • Perform free‐recall afterward
  • Look at the position in the list (serial recall)
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12
Q

Serial position curve

A

Primacy effect
- Better memory for first few items
- Long‐term memory
- Memory rehearsal allows transfer from WM to LTM

Recency effect
- Better memory for the last few
items
- Last few items are not displaced
by future items
- Based on working memory

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13
Q

Recency Effect and Working Memory

A

Thirty seconds is not enough to wipe out recency.

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14
Q

Slow presentation aids pre‐recency items

A
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15
Q

Summary: Short‐Term Memory Store

A
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16
Q

Short-Term Memory Syndrome

A
17
Q

Brown-Petersen Paradigm in Patient PV

A
18
Q

Serial Position curve- amnesics s. controls

A
19
Q

Serial position curve- Patient LS

A
20
Q

Short-term memory syndrome vs. control

A
21
Q

Intact Long-Term Memory Despite Impaired Short-Term Memory!

A
22
Q

Does More STS Rehearsal Time Improve LTM Storage?

A
23
Q

What is the role of short‐term memory?

A

Does it function as working memory?
- Temporary storage area which holds and manipulates material being processed
- Used in tasks such as mental arithmetic, reasoning, problem solving

If “yes”, then should have difficulty in these types of tasks if STS is filled.
- Task: Remember a string of digits while doing a verbal reasoning task

24
Q

Original Model of Working Memory

A
25
Q

Revised Model of Working Memory

A
26
Q

Entering Long‐Term Storage- Two types of rehearsal

A

Two types of rehearsal
- Maintenance rehearsal—reciting
- Relational or elaborative rehearsal—linking

27
Q

Entering Long‐Term Storage- what type of rehearsal is superior?

A
  • Relational, or elaborative, rehearsal is superior.
  • Repeated exposure does not guarantee memory.
28
Q

Entering long-term storage- depth of processing

A
  • Shallow processing—superficial
  • Deep processing—meaningful
29
Q

Elaborate Encoding

A
  • Depth of processing promotes recall by facilitating
    later retrieval.
  • Consider learning as a way to establish indexing, a path to the information.
  • Connections between items to be remembered facilitates retrieval.
30
Q

Organizing and Memorizing

A

Mnemonics improve memory through organization.
- Using rhyme/acronyms/melody/visualization/connections

  • Peg‐word systems: items are “hung” on a system of already well known “pegs”
  • First‐letter mnemonics
  • Roy G. Biv
  • Visual Imagery
31
Q

Methods of Loci

A
32
Q

Storage

A
  • We organize and store memories through:

Schemas
- Mental frameworks that we develop based on our experiences
- Actively relating new information to knowledge that is
already in memory

Hierarchies
- Organizing information in hierarchical structures ‐ specific to
general

Associative networks
- A chain of associations between related concepts

33
Q

Hierarchies

A

Organizational encoding
- noticing relationships
- creating categories
- conceptual groups

34
Q

Associative Networks

A
35
Q

Last two slides- watch lecture

A