SG3A: How does economic change influence patterns of social inequality in places?

Question 1

What is quality of life?

Answer 1

sense of well-being or a measure of happiness

Question 2

What is standard of living?

Answer 2

Material possessions and wealth

Question 3

What is multiple deprivation?

Answer 3

lagging of members of society in a number of related aspects

Question 4

What is the cycle of deprivation?

Answer 4

1. Low income and relative poverty
2. Poor living standards
3. Ill health
4. Poor education
5. Poor or limited skills

Question 5

How can social inequality be measured?

Answer 5

• Housing tenure
• Literacy rates
• Absolute poverty
• Relative poverty
• The gini coefficient
• Informal and formal sector employment

Question 6

What are the factors influencing spatial variations in social inequality?

Answer 6

• Income and wealth creates uneven access to housing
• Housing; income affects the choice of dwelling
• Healthcare and access to sanitation
  ; poverty and illness are strongly linked
• Education
• Employment

Question 7

What is the primary sector?

Answer 7

Economic activities that produce food, fuel and raw materials e.g. agriculture

Question 8

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 8

Economic activities involving manufacturing industries

Question 9

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 9

Economic activities that provide services

Question 10

What is global shift?

Answer 10

the relocation of manufacturing across the globe

Question 11

What is the positive impacts on global shift on AC’s?

Answer 11

• Cheaper labour costs
• Cheap land
• Improved environmental quality in urban areas due to closing of heavy industry

Question 12

What is the negative impacts on global shift on AC’s?

Answer 12

• Decline in quality of housing

- Rationalisation of manufacturing sector leads to cost cutting and wages decrease= factory closures

Question 13

What is the positive impacts on global shift on LIDC’s and EDC’s?

Answer 13

• Growth of labour
• Increase in new technologies
• Higher export generated income promotes expert led growth which leads to a positive multiplier effect
• Can lead to a reduction in negative trade balance
• Highly paid jobs

Question 14

What is the negative impacts on global shift on LIDC’s and EDC’s?

Answer 14

• May lead to a growth of inequality between a rural and urban areas
• Over dependence on a narrow economic base
• Destablishes food supplies as agriculture declines
• Decrease in social welfare if TNC’s exploit the workforce
• Environmental issues associated with industrialisation and exploited TNC’s

Question 15

What is the positive multiplier effect?

Answer 15

1. New economic activity
   2 Many businesses supplying parts benefit
2. Increase in job opportunities
   4, Increase in spending powers
3. Increased tax base= increased government spending power
4. Infrastructure improved
5. Increased the areas desirability to other industries
6. More businesses is attracted to the area

Question 16

What are the outcomes of booms?

Answer 16

• Increased employment
• Growth in economy
• Government receive more tax

Question 17

How can social inequality be measured?

Answer 17

• Housing tenure
• Literacy rates
• Absolute poverty
• Relative poverty
• The gini coefficient
• Informal and formal sector of employment

Question 18

What is housing tenure?

Answer 18

The legal status under which people have the right to occupy their accommodation.

Question 19

What is literacy rates?

Answer 19

The % of people who can read an write

Question 20

What is absolute poverty?

Answer 20

The minimum level of income necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a country. The world bank has set the international poverty line as less than $1.25 a day.

Question 21

What is relative poverty?

Answer 21

Income or resources in relation to the average. It is concerned with the absence of material needs to participate fully in accepted daily life.

Question 22

What is gini coefficient?

Answer 22

Measure of income inequality within countries on a numerical scale of 0-1 (closer to 1 the greater the income inequality)

Question 23

What are the factors influencing spatial variations in social inequality?

Answer 23

• Income and wealth: creates uneven access to housing, education, job opportunities
• Housing: income affects the choice of dwelling
• Education: poor education, skills and training results in barriers to the job market
• Healthcare and access to services- poverty and illness are strongly linked. Poor diet, living condition and unhealthy lifestyle result from poverty.
• Employment: Lack of skilled employment opportunities means wages are lower, perpetuating poverty.

Question 24

How is income and wealth measures?

Answer 24

Gini coefficient

Question 25

How is housing measured?

Answer 25

Housing tenure

Question 26

How is education measured?

Answer 26

Literacy rate

Question 27

How is healthcare and access to services measured?

Answer 27

Number of doctors per 1000

Question 28

How is employment measured?

Answer 28

% informal and formal sector work