Global migration: Afghanistan Flashcards
Intervening obstacles?
Mountain ranges: Hindu Kush, over half Land is 72000m high.
Desert: Margow Desert and Khash Desert
Extreme temperatures: summer- 32 degrees and winter: -8 degrees
Three indications that Afghanistan is a Low Income Country?
GDP per capita is $2000 (global average us $15,800)
Human development index is 0.479 low (global average is 0.7)
% of population below poverty line is 55% (global average is 10%)
What happened in 1978?
The Afghan communists seized power but overthrowing leadership.
However the communist ideology contrasted sharply with traditional Islamic beliefs.
What happened in 1979-89?
Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to try and support the new communist regime.
They meet fierce resistance from the Mujahadeen (Islamic freedom fighters among Osama Bin Ladin).
The USA is worried so they supply the Mujahedeen with weapons to help them defeat the Russians. War lasted 10 years!
Why was there a flood of refugees from Afghanistan over the border to Iran and Pakistan during the 1980s?
War creating unstable, unsafe country. Migrated because for a save place and also a neighbouring country.
What happened in 1996-2001?
The Taliban take control of Afghanistan and introduce law and under through strict interpretation of Sharia Law.
Al Qaeda was given free reign in the mountains by the Taliban and allowed to run terrorist training camps.
What happened in Sep 2001?
9/11- Al Qaeda carried out the twin tower attacks in New York City.
Leads to US invasion of Afghanistan
What happened in December 2001?
The UN establish the ISAF (peacemaking troops) which provided increased security.
Later taken over by NATO.
What happened in 2004?
The country runs its first presidential elections. Hamid Karzai becomes the country’s first president m. Presidential elections are now run in Afghanistan every 5 years.
Since 2002, Afghan refugees have been returning home. This is called repatriation. It caused 20% increase in population. Why do you think Afghan refugees are happy to come back?
More safer country and can bring what they’ve learnt/ new ideas to the country.
Indicates an Afghan diaspora?
One in 5 refugees worldwide is from Afghanistan.
The Islamic republics of Iran and Pakistan jointly host 95% of Afghan refugees worldwide.
Why do you think Afghans are Immigration for economic reasons?
Afghanistan is a low income country
Why do you think that the TNCs resort to the recruitment of foreign nationals to satisfy their labour needs rather than local Afghan workers?
Educated and probably trustworthy.
The impact of an influx of refugees on host countries:
The refugees are dependent on the Iranians and Pakistanis for their weekly ration of food (rice,peas,sugar etc).
Also half the refugees suffer diseases which are slowly disappearing in Pakistan and Iran.
The huge influx of refugees has resulted extensive environmental damage in Pakistan with trees cut down.
What is the Solutions Strategy?
The UNHCR came up with ‘The Solution Strategy’ which involves Afghanistan, Pakistan & Iran working together on the repatriation of Afghan refugees. Ashraf ghani (current president) stated ‘it is imperative that the the refugee camps in Afghanistan’s borders be peacefully dismantled and their inhabitants reintegrated into Afghan society’
