SG Other Flashcards
What are common causes of visual disturbances?
Refractive errors, disorders of sclera and conjunctiva, disorders of eyelids, EOM disorders, visual field defects, pupillary abnormalities, disorders of the lens, disorders of the retina, disorders of the iris, disorders of the optic nerve
Refractive errors include hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.
Define icterus.
Yellowing of sclera due to hyperbilirubinemia from liver or blood disorders.
What is conjunctivitis?
Redness/inflammation of the conjunctiva, which can be viral, bacterial, or allergic.
What causes subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Leakage of blood under conjunctiva due to coughing, sneezing, or minor trauma.
What is lagophthalmos?
Inability to fully close eyelids, often due to thyroid disease or following ocular surgery.
What is ptosis?
Drooping of the eyelid.
What is entropion?
Inward turning of eyelid margin, causing eyelashes to rub against the cornea.
What is ectropion?
Outward turning of eyelid, often associated with aging and dry eye.
What is a chalazion?
A painless lump on the eyelid caused by blocked meibomian glands.
What is a stye (hordeolum)?
A painful, localized abscess on the eyelid due to staph infection of an eyelash follicle.
What is blepharitis?
Chronic inflammation of eyelid margins, characterized by itching, redness, and scaling.
What is strabismus?
Misalignment of the eyes, which can cause diplopia and amblyopia.
List the types of strabismus.
- Esotropia (inward deviation)
- Exotropia (outward deviation)
- Hypertropia (upward deviation)
- Hypotropia (downward deviation)
What is nystagmus?
Involuntary eye movement indicative of neurological issues.
What is a scotoma?
An area of partial or complete loss in the visual field.
What is homonymous hemianopia?
Loss of the same visual field in both eyes.
What is anisocoria?
Unequal pupil size, which can be physiological or benign.
What characterizes Horner syndrome?
Interruption of sympathetic nerve to the eye, causing miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis on the affected side.
What is Adie’s tonic pupil?
A dilated pupil with slow or absent reactions to light and accommodation, usually benign.
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Leading cause of blindness in adults, characterized by hemorrhages, exudates, and neovascularization.
What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?
Condition that causes vision loss and pain with eye movement.
What is optic neuritis?
Inflammation of the optic nerve, often associated with multiple sclerosis.
What is papilledema?
Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure.
What is the purpose of the Weber test?
To distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
What does a normal Weber test result indicate?
Sound heard equally in both ears.
What does a positive Rinne test indicate?
Air conduction is greater than bone conduction.
Differentiate between allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.
- Allergic rhinitis: triggered by allergens, often seasonal
- Non-allergic rhinitis: non-seasonal, not triggered by allergens.
What are common causes of conductive hearing loss?
- Earwax (cerumen)
- Foreign bodies
- Infection
- Congenital abnormalities.
What are signs of acute otitis media?
- Diffusely red tympanic membrane
- Loss of light reflex
- Malleus is less prominent.
What is a tympanic membrane?
The membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
What is the typical appearance of a normal tympanic membrane?
Gray and translucent.
What is a chalazion?
Chronic granulomatous inflammation of meibomian gland, usually painless.
What is xanthelasma?
Cholesterol deposits in eyelids, usually bilateral.
What is black hairy tongue?
Elongated filiform papillae causing dark discoloration, often from poor oral hygiene.
What are the early signs of oral cancer?
- Non-healing ulcer >2 weeks
- White patches (leukoplakia)
- Red patches (erythroplakia).
What is the significance of leukoplakia?
A premalignant condition characterized by white patches that cannot be scraped off.
How should you conduct a proper otoscopic exam?
Use simultaneous illumination and magnification to examine the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.
What should you assess first in a patient with ocular pain who wears contact lenses?
Obtain history including type of contact lenses and assess visual acuity.
What is the first step in assessing a patient’s visual acuity?
Inspect external structures (eyelids, lashes, sclera, conjunctiva, pupils)
This step helps identify any visible abnormalities before performing further tests.
What does the papillary response test evaluate?
The reaction of the pupils to light
This test assesses the function of the optic nerve and the brainstem.
What does an ophthalmoscopic exam assess in the eye?
Cornea, lens, retina
It’s crucial for identifying various ocular conditions.
What are common symptoms of corneal abrasions or ulcers?
Pain, photophobia, blurring of vision
Often associated with a history of trauma or contact lens wear.
What is a cataract?
Opacity of the lens
Cataracts can lead to significant visual impairment if untreated.
What characterizes retinal tears or detachments?
Usually painless fluid entry causing retinal detachment
Early detection is crucial to prevent permanent vision loss.
What is papilledema?
Optic nerve swelling
It can indicate increased intracranial pressure.
What does AV nicking signify in a fundoscopy exam?
Sign of hypertension
It appears as a compression point where arteries cross over veins.
What are cotton wool spots?
White, fluffy lesions representing nerve fiber infarcts
Commonly seen in diabetic retinopathy and hypertension.
What is the significance of microaneurysms in the retina?
Tiny red dots indicating the first sign of diabetic retinopathy
They can leak or bleed, worsening the condition.
What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?
High fever, toxic appearance, tripod position, drooling
It is critical not to examine the throat to avoid airway compromise.
What differentiates otitis externa from otitis media?
Severe ear pain worsens with pressure on the tragus in otitis externa
Otitis media typically presents with a red TM and bulging due to fluid.
What is myopia?
Nearsightedness where light is focused anterior to the retina
It results in difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.
What causes presbyopia?
Decrease in the eye’s ability to accommodate due to aging
It typically occurs after age 40, affecting near vision.
What is acute angle-closure glaucoma?
A condition characterized by severe eye pain, headache, and nausea
It is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
What are common causes of tinnitus?
Age-related, exposure to loud noise, ear injuries, earwax, medications
Tinnitus is the sensation of hearing sounds like buzzing or ringing.
How does acute bacterial sinusitis differ from viral URI?
Acute bacterial sinusitis worsens after 10 days
Viral URIs typically improve within this timeframe.
What does measuring the JVP indicate?
Pressures of the right side of the heart and intravascular volume status
It is assessed at a 30-45 degree incline.
What are signs of hyperthyroidism during a thyroid examination?
Thyroid enlargement and bruits
Hyperthyroidism can cause increased blood flow to the thyroid.
What distinguishes malignant lymph nodes from infectious ones?
Malignant nodes are firm, non-tender, and fixed
Infectious nodes are usually tender and mobile.
Which lymph nodes drain the ear, scalp, and skin?
Preauricular lymph nodes
They are important for assessing potential infections in these areas.
What is the normal range for JVP?
Normal JVP is less than or equal to 9 cm
This includes adding 5 cm to the highest observable oscillation.
