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me. IPA > Lungs & Thorax > Flashcards

Lungs & Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

True ribs are ribs 1-7

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2
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

False ribs are ribs 8, 9, and 10

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3
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

Floating ribs are ribs 11 and 12

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4
Q

What is an important landmark in the thorax?

A

The second intercostal space

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5
Q

What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Warming, filtering, and humidifying inspired air

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6
Q

Which bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter?

A

The right bronchus

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7
Q

What is the midclavicular line important for?

A

It is important for cardiac assessments

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8
Q

What should be avoided during percussion of the thorax?

A

Scapula obstructing the area

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9
Q

What happens to the trachea in cases of pneumothorax?

A

The trachea may not be midline

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10
Q

What muscles work hard during breathing difficulties?

A

Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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11
Q

What is the primary role of the respiratory system?

A

To provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the circulatory system

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12
Q

What does bradypnea refer to?

A

Abnormal slowing of respiration

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13
Q

What does tachypnea indicate?

A

Abnormal increase in respiration rate

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14
Q

What is apnea?

A

Temporary cessation of breathing

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15
Q

What is Kussmaul breathing associated with?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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16
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

An abnormal pattern of progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by gradual decrease resulting in apnea

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17
Q

What does cyanosis indicate?

A

Deoxygenated blood and inadequate oxygen supply

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18
Q

What is the common cause of hemoptysis?

A

Bronchitis

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19
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Difficulty breathing while lying flat

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20
Q

What is wheezing characterized by?

A

Abnormally high-pitched noise from a partially obstructed airway

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21
Q

What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?

A

Central cyanosis indicates inadequate gas exchange; peripheral cyanosis reflects excessive oxygen extraction

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22
Q

What is pleuritic pain?

A

Sharp, stabbing pain felt during inspiration due to inflammation of the parietal pleura

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23
Q

What is the significance of snoring?

A

Heavy snoring is associated with obstructive sleep apnea

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24
Q

What does stridor indicate?

A

A medical emergency associated with turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed airway

25
Q

What are the two types of COPD?

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

26
Q

What is the hallmark of emphysema?

A

Difficulty exhaling air

27
Q

What does tactile fremitus assess?

A

The transmitted vibrations felt when a patient says ‘99’

28
Q

What does increased tactile fremitus indicate?

A

Pneumonia

29
Q

What percussion sound indicates a solid organ?

A

Dull sound

30
Q

What does a tympanic percussion sound indicate?

A

Hollow air-containing structure

31
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

32
Q

What are the three normal breath sounds?

A
  • Vesicular
  • Bronchovesicular
  • Bronchial
33
Q

What are crackles (rales)?

A

Sounds associated with fluid in alveoli and airways

34
Q

What does wheezing signify?

A

Air forced through narrowed airways

35
Q

What is egophony?

A

Change in sound when the patient says ‘ee’ during auscultation

36
Q

What does bronchophony indicate?

A

Louder, clearer sounds transmitted through the chest, indicating abnormality

37
Q

What is whispered pectoriloquy?

A

Assessment of whispered sounds during auscultation

38
Q

What is egophony?

A

A change in voice sounds when assessing for pneumonia, characterized by a nasal quality when the patient says ‘E’

Egophony is typically assessed during auscultation and indicates consolidation in the lungs.

39
Q

What combination of symptoms indicates pneumonia?

A

Fever, cough, bronchial breath sounds, egophony

These symptoms are commonly assessed in a clinical setting to diagnose pneumonia.

40
Q

How do you perform bronchophony?

A

Have the patient say ‘99’ while auscultating

Normal findings show muffled and indistinct sounds, while louder, clearer sounds indicate abnormalities.

41
Q

What does whispered pectoriloquy assess?

A

The clarity of whispered sounds during auscultation

Normal findings show little to no transmitted sound, while louder, clearer sounds indicate abnormalities.

42
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

A spinal curvature and vertebral rotation that affects lung function

This thoracic deformity can lead to respiratory issues.

43
Q

Define barrel chest.

A

An increased anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the thorax

This deformity is often associated with chronic lung conditions.

44
Q

What is flail chest?

A

Multiple adjacent rib fractures causing an injured area to cave in with inspiration

This condition can severely compromise respiratory mechanics.

45
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

A depression in the lower portion of the sternum, also called ‘funnel chest’

May lead to compression of the heart and great vessels.

46
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

A condition where the sternum is displaced anteriorly, known as ‘pigeon chest’

This deformity may also increase the AP diameter.

47
Q

What are the signs of pleurisy?

A

Pleural rub and infection of the pleural cavity

Patients may experience sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing.

48
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

A condition characterized by pleural fluid accumulation leading to decreased or absent breath sounds

May also present with egophony and pleural rub.

49
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

The presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity, leading to absence of sound

This condition can cause lung collapse and requires immediate medical attention.

50
Q

What does hemothorax indicate?

A

The presence of blood in the pleural cavity, leading to decreased or absent breath sounds

This can occur due to trauma or other medical conditions.

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of pneumonia?

A

Crackles/rales, rhonchi, cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, difficulty breathing

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.

52
Q

Define acute bronchitis.

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes lasting up to three weeks

Acute bronchitis usually follows a viral infection.

53
Q

What characterizes chronic bronchitis?

A

Cough lasting three consecutive months for two years in a row

Chronic bronchitis is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

54
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction leading to breathing difficulty

Asthma may present with wheezing and absence of sound during severe attacks.

55
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

Destruction of the air sacs that exchange gas in the lungs, leading to absence of sound

This condition is also a form of COPD.

56
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Complete or partial collapse of the lung or lung area, leading to decreased or absent breath sounds

It can occur when alveoli become deflated or filled with fluid.

57
Q

What preventive measures should be taken for lung health?

A

Smoking cessation, vaccination for influenza, pneumococcal disease, COVID-19

These measures are crucial for reducing respiratory disease risk.

58
Q

What is a normal thorax assessment finding?

A

Symmetric thorax with good expansion, resonant lungs, vesicular breath sounds

Normal diaphragmatic descent is about 4 cm bilaterally.

59
Q

What are abnormal thorax assessment findings?

A

Asymmetric thorax, severe kyphosis, decreased expansion, hyperresonant lungs

Abnormal findings should always be reported.

me. IPA (8 decks)

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