Cardiac Flashcards
What is the primary function of the cardiac system?
Deliver nutrients to and remove metabolites from every cell in the body
What type of delivery system is associated with the left side of the heart?
High-pressure delivery system
What is the low-pressure return system in the heart?
Right side of the heart
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
- Visceral pericardium
- Parietal pericardium
What is the purpose of pericardial fluid?
Decreases friction between the layers of the pericardium
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?
SVC/IVC → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → systemic circulation
What is the order of the heart’s conduction pathways?
- SA Node
- AV Node
- Bundle of His
- Right and Left Bundle Branches
- Purkinje Fibers
Where is the left ventricular apex normally located?
5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
What are the four classic auscultation areas of the heart?
- Aortic: 2ICS-RSB
- Pulmonic: 2ICS-LSB
- Tricuspid: LLSB
- Mitral: 5ICS-MCL
What does S1 represent in heart sounds?
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves
What does S2 represent in heart sounds?
Closure of the aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves
What is the significance of A2 and P2 in heart sounds?
A2 is the aortic component of S2, which normally precedes P2, the pulmonic component
What is the third heart sound (S3) associated with?
End of the rapid filling period during early diastolic filling
What is the fourth heart sound (S4) associated with?
End of diastole, atrial contraction
What is a summation gallop?
Presence of both S3 and S4 simultaneously
What is an Ejection Click (EC)?
Sound heard during systole when a semilunar valve is stenotic
What are murmurs caused by?
Turbulent flow across valves
What are the five Ps of arterial occlusion?
- Pain
- Pallor
- Paresthesia
- Paralysis
- Pulselessness
What is the Allen Test used for?
Determine patency of the radial and ulnar arteries
What is the normal heart inspection focused on?
Scars, lesions, or masses on the chest wall
What is the purpose of palpation in a cardiovascular exam?
To assess cardiac areas and identify thrills and heaves
What does a friction rub indicate?
Inflammation of the parietal and visceral pericardium
What is a common condition associated with left ventricular hypertrophy?
Long standing hypertension
What is the definition of heart failure?
Heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs
What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
- Arteriosclerosis: thick and stiff arteries
- Atherosclerosis: plaque build-up in the arteries
