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Evolution > Sexual reproduction > Flashcards

Sexual reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Which is an animal example that can change between sexual and asexual reproduction depending on limited resources available?

A

Green flies

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2
Q

What does Parthenogenesis mean?

A

Virgin birth. Produce eggs that have been fertilised internally

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3
Q

Example of an animal which does parthenogenesis

A

Komodo dragon

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4
Q

What does heterozygosity mean?

A

Possession of two different alleles of a particular gene of an individual

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5
Q

What is the red queen hypothesis?

A

That an animal needs to keep evolving to maintain a position in an ecosystem

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6
Q

What is exploitation?

A

The way that each animal tries to maximise their reproductive input

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7
Q

Sexual selection is a form of _________

A

natural selection

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8
Q

What is effective population size?

A

Number of breeding individuals within a population

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9
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Male-male competition

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10
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Female choice co-evolved with trait exaggeration. Females are choosy to gain direct benefits

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a peacocks train?

A

Not 100% adaptive. It is used to show off to females but it is not a productive as it acs as a handicap

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12
Q

What is material possessions?

A

Some animals (e.g. hoopoe) give materials to the female to impress her

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13
Q

What is Fisher’s process?

A

A trait choice is established, males with the trait are fitter, increase in sexual selection for this trait, increase in selective forces and development of more extreme traits

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14
Q

how have elephants sexual selection changed since the 1980s?

A

Female elephants now go for males with shorter tusks as these are less likely to be killed by humans and so live longer

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15
Q

How can imbreeding be shown through characteristics?

A

Asymmetric characteristics

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16
Q

How do female peacocks judge attractiveness?

A

counts the number of eye spots on the males train. She can measure reflectance of his feathers

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17
Q

What is aerobic capacity?

A

Ability to complete physiological functions as well as cost of courtship

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18
Q

are fiddler crab’s yellow claw an honest or dishonest signal?

A

Honest- shows a good diet

Dishonest- suggest strong bones which its not

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19
Q

What does progeny mean?

A

Dissent of an animal, plant or offspring

20
Q

What is a dimorphic species?

A

Differences in colour and pattern between male and female (e.g. mandurin duck)

21
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

Animals with similar phenotypes reproduce. Look alike so they know they’re the same species

22
Q

What is monogamy?

A

One male, one female

23
Q

What is a precocial youngster?

A

Does not need much care

24
Q

What is a altricial youngster?

A

Needs direct care

25
Q

Example of precocial

A

Swans

26
Q

Example of altricial

A

Blue tits

27
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male, many females

28
Q

What are males like in polygyny?

A

Will help the offspring directly or indirectly. E.g. protecting the land or lek

29
Q

What do females do to mating males in lekking African antelopes

A

Disrupt their mating with another female

30
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female, many males

31
Q

Which bird has different calls to have extra-marital affairs?

A

Dunnock bird

32
Q

What is a promiscuous strategy?

A

Males and females briefly mate, no pair bond is formed

33
Q

What do humans show a positive correlation with salivary cortisol?

A

Odour preference

34
Q

What are Major Histocompatability complexes (MHC) used for?

A

Determining genetic quality. The more variation, the better

35
Q

What health benefits are there for a better variation of genes (MHC)?

A

Better immune system

36
Q

When are partnerships between male and female animals more stable?

A

When they have different MHC or different genes

37
Q

What is a fixed dispersal rate?

A

Offspring being kicked out from the nest, many species do this

38
Q

Why does a robin invest more in offspring than an ostrich?

A

The egg is larger in scale to their body so have to work harder to produce the egg

39
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Pigments of colour resulting from a healthy diet

40
Q

What did Rintamaki et al find about Grouse Birds?

A

They will produce mroe eggs with an attractive male than an unattractive male

41
Q

How do deer decide the sex of their offspring?

A

If there are good resources around it will be male and if not then female

42
Q

How do parents invest in their young?

A

Investment in numbers, egg protection, care of eggs, care of young, post-independent young, cooperative investment, abandoned investment

43
Q

What is cuckoldry?

A

The phenomenon that animals look after animals that are not their own

44
Q

Example of polygyny

A

Red deer- lekking area and they protect it

45
Q

Example of polyandry

A

red-necked pharalope

46
Q

Example of cooperative investment

A

Kookaburras will keep their sons and daughters around them to help find food for new chicks. When the parents die, the children take over their location

Evolution (12 decks)

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