Sexual reproduction

Question 1

Which is an animal example that can change between sexual and asexual reproduction depending on limited resources available?

Answer 1

Green flies

Question 2

What does Parthenogenesis mean?

Answer 2

Virgin birth. Produce eggs that have been fertilised internally

Question 3

Example of an animal which does parthenogenesis

Answer 3

Komodo dragon

Question 4

What does heterozygosity mean?

Answer 4

Possession of two different alleles of a particular gene of an individual

Question 5

What is the red queen hypothesis?

Answer 5

That an animal needs to keep evolving to maintain a position in an ecosystem

Question 6

What is exploitation?

Answer 6

The way that each animal tries to maximise their reproductive input

Question 7

Sexual selection is a form of _________

Answer 7

natural selection

Question 8

What is effective population size?

Answer 8

Number of breeding individuals within a population

Question 9

What is intrasexual selection?

Answer 9

Male-male competition

Question 10

What is intersexual selection?

Answer 10

Female choice co-evolved with trait exaggeration. Females are choosy to gain direct benefits

Question 11

What is the purpose of a peacocks train?

Answer 11

Not 100% adaptive. It is used to show off to females but it is not a productive as it acs as a handicap

Question 12

What is material possessions?

Answer 12

Some animals (e.g. hoopoe) give materials to the female to impress her

Question 13

What is Fisher’s process?

Answer 13

A trait choice is established, males with the trait are fitter, increase in sexual selection for this trait, increase in selective forces and development of more extreme traits

Question 14

how have elephants sexual selection changed since the 1980s?

Answer 14

Female elephants now go for males with shorter tusks as these are less likely to be killed by humans and so live longer

Question 15

How can imbreeding be shown through characteristics?

Answer 15

Asymmetric characteristics

Question 16

How do female peacocks judge attractiveness?

Answer 16

counts the number of eye spots on the males train. She can measure reflectance of his feathers

Question 17

What is aerobic capacity?

Answer 17

Ability to complete physiological functions as well as cost of courtship

Question 18

are fiddler crab’s yellow claw an honest or dishonest signal?

Answer 18

Honest- shows a good diet

Dishonest- suggest strong bones which its not

Question 19

What does progeny mean?

Answer 19

Dissent of an animal, plant or offspring

Question 20

What is a dimorphic species?

Answer 20

Differences in colour and pattern between male and female (e.g. mandurin duck)

Question 21

What is assortative mating?

Answer 21

Animals with similar phenotypes reproduce. Look alike so they know they’re the same species

Question 22

What is monogamy?

Answer 22

One male, one female

Question 23

What is a precocial youngster?

Answer 23

Does not need much care

Question 24

What is a altricial youngster?

Answer 24

Needs direct care

Question 25

Example of precocial

Answer 25

Swans

Question 26

Example of altricial

Answer 26

Blue tits

Question 27

What is polygyny?

Answer 27

One male, many females

Question 28

What are males like in polygyny?

Answer 28

Will help the offspring directly or indirectly. E.g. protecting the land or lek

Question 29

What do females do to mating males in lekking African antelopes

Answer 29

Disrupt their mating with another female

Question 30

What is polyandry?

Answer 30

One female, many males

Question 31

Which bird has different calls to have extra-marital affairs?

Answer 31

Dunnock bird

Question 32

What is a promiscuous strategy?

Answer 32

Males and females briefly mate, no pair bond is formed

Question 33

What do humans show a positive correlation with salivary cortisol?

Answer 33

Odour preference

Question 34

What are Major Histocompatability complexes (MHC) used for?

Answer 34

Determining genetic quality. The more variation, the better

Question 35

What health benefits are there for a better variation of genes (MHC)?

Answer 35

Better immune system

Question 36

When are partnerships between male and female animals more stable?

Answer 36

When they have different MHC or different genes

Question 37

What is a fixed dispersal rate?

Answer 37

Offspring being kicked out from the nest, many species do this

Question 38

Why does a robin invest more in offspring than an ostrich?

Answer 38

The egg is larger in scale to their body so have to work harder to produce the egg

Question 39

What are carotenoids?

Answer 39

Pigments of colour resulting from a healthy diet

Question 40

What did Rintamaki et al find about Grouse Birds?

Answer 40

They will produce mroe eggs with an attractive male than an unattractive male

Question 41

How do deer decide the sex of their offspring?

Answer 41

If there are good resources around it will be male and if not then female

Question 42

How do parents invest in their young?

Answer 42

Investment in numbers, egg protection, care of eggs, care of young, post-independent young, cooperative investment, abandoned investment

Question 43

What is cuckoldry?

Answer 43

The phenomenon that animals look after animals that are not their own

Question 44

Example of polygyny

Answer 44

Red deer- lekking area and they protect it

Question 45

Example of polyandry

Answer 45

red-necked pharalope

Question 46

Example of cooperative investment

Answer 46

Kookaburras will keep their sons and daughters around them to help find food for new chicks. When the parents die, the children take over their location