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Evolution > Evolution Revision > Flashcards

Evolution Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are factors that initiate behaviour (causation)?

A

Internal cues (BMR hummingbird), external cues (testes in birds), motivational changes

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2
Q

What are selection pressures that cause causation?

A

Natural selection (swans landing on motorways) and sexual selection (passes on more desirable traits)

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3
Q

When will an animal override his homeostatic behaviour?

A

When the sexually selected traits seem more important

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4
Q

What are the different types of learning seen in the natural world?

A

Process conditioning, insight, social learning

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5
Q

What are the types of special relationships?

A

Commensalism, mutualism, symbiosis, parasitism

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6
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Positive/neutral. Animals can live together but dont need to

e.g. whales and barnacles

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7
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Positive. Not essential but positive. Mongoose and hornbill around foraging areas

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8
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Positive. essential for both species

e.g. clown fish and anemone

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9
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Negative. Evolutionary link between parasite and host- essential for parasite.

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10
Q

What is the optimal foraging behaviour equation?

A

Profitability hare > (Profitability gazelle – Search energy gazelle)

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11
Q

What is the conflict of interest between sexes?

A

Females have limited gametes so want the best quality males for maximum quality offspring

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12
Q

What are the types of mating systems?

A

Monogamy, polygamy, polygynandry, cuckoldry, promiscuous, polyandrous

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13
Q

Example of a promiscuous

A

Peacock

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14
Q

How does cuckoldry work?

A

Cuckoos take advantage of the Warblers fixed action pattern to feed young so they lay their offspring in their nest

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15
Q

Example of quantity over quality of offspring

A

Mallad duck lays 22-25 eggs

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16
Q

Example of quality over quantity of offspring?

A

Elephant has a 22 month pregnancy

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17
Q

What are some of the types of investment?

A

Cooperative, abandoned, investment in post-independent

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18
Q

Example of cooperative investment?

A

Female lions will suckle cubs of other females

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19
Q

What is captive breeding?

A

Keeping animals healthy in captivity

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20
Q

What is conservation breeding?

A

Keeping animals healthy and planning to release them

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21
Q

What is positive animal welfare?

A

The state of the individual as it attempts to cope with its environment

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22
Q

What is appetitive behaviour?

A

where the root of the behaviour is important

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23
Q

What is consummatory behaviour

A

the end point. the goal the animal is reaching towards

24
Q

What is an example of the benefit of friends?

A

Baboons with stronger friendships live longer

25
Q

What is social network analysis?

A

study of social groups as networks of nodes connected by social ties

26
Q

What are the three types of natural selection?

A

Stabalising, directional and disruptive

27
Q

What are the forms of sexual selection?

A

Intrasexual selection and intersexual selection

28
Q

What do homologous structures tell us about?

A

common ancestors

29
Q

What is epistasis?

A

How one gene expression is controlled by all other genes around it

30
Q

What is parsimonious?

A

Evolution wont make changes unless it has to and therefore the expressions are regulated by genes around them

31
Q

What is an example of adaptive co-evolution?

A

Great apes sexual relations and testes size

32
Q

Example of a non-genetic trait

A

Macaque monkeys washing potatoes

33
Q

What is the Wallace line?

A

tells us about relations between animals in one part of the world to the other

34
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the study of relatedness between species

35
Q

What are the types of speciation?

A

allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, peripatric

36
Q

What is biological species concept?

A

Exists in a population with other species but will not breed with the other species as the offspring will be infertile

37
Q

What is heterozygosity?

A

the possession of two different alleles of a particular gene or genes by an individual.

38
Q

What is the red queen

A

Constantly moving to stay in the same place with evolution

39
Q

Example of kin selection as a social trait

A

Topi- son of males gets the territory

40
Q

Example of atruism in social traits?

A

dolphins helping others in need

41
Q

Example of MHC governing mate choice

A

Grey partridges are governed by MHC

42
Q

What is a state behaviour?

A

long-term behaviour such as sleeping, wallowing, feeding

43
Q

What is event behaviour?

A

Short term behaviour such as charging, ear flapping, social interactions

44
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

list of behaviours that we define so we know what we’re recording

45
Q

What are the different types of behavioural sampling?

A
  • Focal sampling
  • Group Scan
  • Instantaneous sampling (aka interval)
  • Only for state
  • Continuous sample
  • For state and event
46
Q

What is an arms race?

A

A relationship between individuals of a species whereby one is getting benefits, and another is trying to keep up and get the benefits

47
Q

Example of an arms race?

A

Stag are fighting because they have invested lots in their weapons (don’t want to use them) but need to use them to back up their phenotypic characteristics to show strength.

Arms race between lion and buffalos as lions eat buffalo but buffalos try to kill baby lions to prevent being eaten by them in later life.

48
Q

What is polygynandry?

A

Polygynandry is a mating system in which both males and females have multiple mating partners during a breeding season.

(e.g. dunnock)

49
Q

example of analogous structure

A

fins of penguins and fish

50
Q

good consequences of sexual reproduction

A

1) Genetic variation; increased heterozygosity.
– Increases genetic of genes to allow for adaptation.
1) Parasites evolve alongside so we need to stay one step ahead.
2) Which allows for coping with future environmental changes.
– Pathogens and diseases may coevolve alongside species
3) Potential to outcome evolving parasites.
– The “Red Queen hypothesis”.

51
Q

sensory exploitation example

A

female Physalaemus coloradorum frogs prefer artificial conspecific calls preceded (2) or followed (3) by lowpitched sounds, including the “chucks” of acongeneric species or even white noise. This may occur because, in the wild, females prefer males of the same species that give lowpitched calls (4), indicative of the male’s size, age, and viability

52
Q

example of arms race

A

many molluscs, such as Murex snails, have evolved thick shells and spines to avoid being eaten by animals such as crabs and fish. These predators have, in turn, evolved powerful claws and jaws that compensate for the snails’ thick shells and spines.

53
Q

What is termed ‘wild type’

A

one allele which is the most important

54
Q

the proportion of gene copies in a population is called…

A

allele frequency

55
Q

what is genotype frequency?

A

proportion of individuals that have that specific genotype

Evolution (12 decks)

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