basis of evolution by natural selection

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

Descent with modification

Question 2

Who is Carl Von Linne

Answer 2

Created Linnaean taxonomy (how we class animals)

Question 3

What are the binomial (or trinomial) naming system?

Answer 3

Genus, species, subspecies

Question 4

What is the order of classification?

Answer 4

Kingdom. 
Phylum.
Class. 
Order. 
Family. 
Genus. 
Species

Question 5

What is a biological species concept (BSC)?

Answer 5

A reproductively isolated population

Question 6

What is assortative mating?

Answer 6

Selection of a mate with a similar phenotype

Question 7

What are the three theories for the history of life?

Answer 7

Evolution, transformation and seperate creation

Question 8

What did Muller discover?

Answer 8

DDT killed insects but before getting a nobel prize, the flies became resistant

Question 9

What is a ring species?

Answer 9

the extreme forms do not interbreed in the region of overlap

Question 10

How can flowers get fertile offspring?

Answer 10

When the offspring is resilient enough in the genetic makeup. More likely to spread with lots of gametes

Question 11

What is uniformitarianism

Answer 11

That the past is key to understanding the present (looking back at fossils and similarities)

Question 12

What are intermediate forms?

Answer 12

Present continuously in the fossil record

Question 13

Is evolution parsimonious?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

What are analogous structures?

Answer 14

Bones with the same function but a different structure

Question 15

What are homologous structures?

Answer 15

Bones in the same order in the same part of the body

Question 16

Example of animals on separate evolutionary pathways

Answer 16

Octopus eye compared to human eye

Question 17

What is a tetrapod?

Answer 17

animal with four legs

Question 18

What is the pentadactyl limb in a tetrapod an example of?

Answer 18

Homologous structure

Question 19

Is the pentadactyl limb functionally necessary?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

How does the living fossil of tuatara (sphenodon puncctatus) survive in cold weather?

Answer 20

Neuroendocrine system evolved so pineal gland that assesses temperature is large and at the front of the head

Question 21

What is the genetic code like across all animals?

Answer 21

Same base pairings and helix structure across all animals

Question 22

What is a vestigial structure?

Answer 22

A structure in an organism that has lost all or most of its original function in the course of evolution, such as human appendixes.

Question 23

What is a vestigial structure in tetrapods?

Answer 23

pectoral and pelvic articulations are homologous

Question 24

What is genetic drift?

Answer 24

Animals lose bits of genetic variation over time

Question 25

What is speciation?

Answer 25

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Question 26

What is the cost-benefit model of adaptations?

Answer 26

Economic term that allows analysis of phenotypes in terms of fitness benefits and fitness costs

Question 27

When is mobbing adaptive?

Answer 27

if benefits outweigh the cost

Question 28

What is the dilution effect?

Answer 28

grouping together with other animals to enhance your own fitness as others are more likely to be eaten

Question 29

How big shoudl a group of butterflies be to increase fitness

Answer 29

at least 40

Question 30

What is intrasexual selection

Answer 30

male-male competition

Question 31

What are the three intersexual selections?

Answer 31

Co-evolved with trait exaggeration (Fishers process), direct benefits, sensory bias

Question 32

What did Bakker find about sexual selection in three-spined sticklebacks?

Answer 32

sons will be bright red and daughters will have preference for red

Question 33

What can natural selection only act on?

Answer 33

The genetic variants that arise

Question 34

What are examples of NOT adaptations?

Answer 34

mutations, genetic drift

Question 35

What are the two steps of evolution?

Answer 35

The generation of genetic variation by mutation and recombination. CHanges in allele frequency due to genetic drift or natural selection

Question 36

Examples of homologous structures

Answer 36

Pentadactyl limb and tetrapod

Question 37

Example of ring species

Answer 37

herring and lesser black-backed gulls in northern Europe and the Ensatina salamanders of California.