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reproductive system > sexual health > Flashcards

sexual health Flashcards

1
Q

define commensal micro-organism

A

micro-organism derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it

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2
Q

define pathogen

A

micro-organism that can cause disease

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3
Q

define infection

A

the invasion of all or part of the body by a micro-organism

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4
Q

what is the difference between a clinical and sub-clinical infection?

A 
clinical = symptoms
subclinical = no symptoms
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5
Q

define sexually transmissible organism

A

a virus, bacteria, protozoan, insect or arthropod which can be spread by sexual contact
- can be commensal or pathogen

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6
Q

define sexually transmitted infection

A

infection by a pathogen which is sexually transmissible and which is unlikely to be transmitted by non-sexual means

  • neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • HPV type 6
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7
Q

define sexually transmitted disease

A

disorder of structure or function caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen

  • pelvic inflammatory disease
  • genital warts
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8
Q

give examples of venereal diseases and their causative agent.

A
  • syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum)
  • gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorhoeae)
  • chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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9
Q

give examples of other sexually transmitted organisms in the UK.

A

bacteria

  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • klebsiella granulomatis
  • mycoplasma genitalium

viruses

  • HSV
  • HIV
  • HPV
  • molluscum contagiosum virus

parasites

  • pthirus pubis
  • sarcoptes scabei
  • trichomonas vaginalis
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10
Q

give examples of sexual contact

A
  • group sex
  • anal sex
  • vaginal sex
  • oral sex
  • touching someone else’s genitals with yours
  • mutual masturbation
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11
Q

what conditions can be transmitted through genital contact alone?

A
  • pubic lice (Pthirus pubis)
  • scabies (Sarcoptes scabeii)
  • warts (human papilloma virus types 6 &11)
  • herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 & 2)
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12
Q

What condition is often transmitted through group sex?

A

Hepatitis C

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13
Q

Why are STIs important?

A
  • cause morbidity and mortality
  • drain on resources
  • they’re common
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14
Q

what symptoms can STIs present with?

A
  • ulceration
  • lumps
  • genital discharge
  • non genital discharge
  • rashes
  • systemic symptoms: fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, malaise, infertility
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15
Q

What are the possible complications of STIs?

A
  • infertility (chlamydia)
  • cancer
  • adverse pregnancy outcomes
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16
Q

why do diagnoses of STIs change over time

A

a difference in the number of cases

  • transmissibility
  • rate of acquiring new partners

change in the number of diagnoses but no change in cases

  • greater awareness of STI = more testing
  • better tests
  • more clinicians considering STIs
17
Q

how can we tell if there is change in the number of cases of STIs?

A

Ro = bcd

Ro (reproductive number) = average number of infections produced
b = likelihood of transmission per encounter
c = rate of acquiring new partners
d = duration of infectivity

Ro = bcd

Ro >1 then epidemic is sustained
Ro <1 then epidemic reduced

18
Q

what testing methods are used?

A
  • nucleic acid amplification testing

- enzyme immunoassays for chlamydia

19
Q

modelling and mapping the spread of STIs

A

cores and assortative mixing
- some people have sex with people like them = high prevalence within a subpopulation

chains and random mixing
- random mixing = lower prevalence but wider dissemination along ‘chains’

20
Q

what are the principles of management for someone presenting with symptoms suggestive of STI?

A

good history
partner notification: client referral, provider referral
HIV testing
health promotion: condoms, vaccination, hazardous drug use

21
Q

genital symptoms

A
  • lumps and swellings
  • discharge from an orifice
  • pain
  • rashes
  • cuts, sores, ulcers
  • itching
  • change in appearance
22
Q

cause of genital symptoms

A
  • STD
  • microbial problem
  • non-microbial problem
23
Q

what microbial conditions of the genitals are not regarded as STDs?

A
  • vulvovaginal candidosis
  • bacterial vaginosis
  • balanoposthitis – anaerobic/candidal
  • tinea cruris
  • erythrasma
  • infected sebaceous glands
  • impetigo
  • cellulitis
24
Q

vulvovaginal candidosis

A
  • 90% Candida albicans (can be C. glabrata et al)
  • usually acquired from bowel
  • asymptomatic, if symptomatic: thrush, itch, discharge
  • risk factors: diabetes, oral steroids, immune suppression, pregnancy, reproductive age group
  • diagnosis: gram stained preparation, culture
  • treatment: antifungal azoles (clotrimazole, fluconazole)
25
Q

bacterial vaginosis

A

abnormal vaginal discharge: watery grey/ yellow ‘fishy’ discharge

sore/itch from dampness, worse after period / sex

diagnosis: pH, gram stained smear
treatment: antibiotics (metronidazole, clindamycin), probiotics,

26
Q

describe balanitis

A
  • inflammation of the glans penis

- blotchy red appearance/ discolouration of the glans penis

27
Q

describe zoon’s balanitis

A

chronic inflammation secondary to overgrowth of commensal organisms plus ‘foreskin malfunction’.

28
Q

describe posthitis

A

Inflammation of the foreskin

29
Q

what are usually the causative organisms of impetigo?

A
  • staph aureus

- strep pyogenes

30
Q

what is usually the causative agent of erysipelas?

A

strep pyogenes

31
Q

what is tinea cruris?

A

dermatophytes infection known as athlete’s groin

32
Q

what is usually the causative agent of erythrasma?

A

Corynebacterium minutissimum

33
Q

what non-microbial symptoms of the genitals may people present with?

A
  • perceived problems: discharge, dysuria, rashes, skin lumps
  • dermatoses
  • structural abnormality (congenital and acquired)
34
Q

what are Fox-Fordyce spots?

A

appearance of normal sebaceous glands through stretched skin

reproductive system (31 decks)

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