applied anatomy Flashcards
What is an episiotomy?
A surgically planned incision on the perineum and posterior vaginal wall performed during the second stage of labour
When may an episiotomy be required?
During a normal delivery or a forceps delivery
What may an episiotomy result in?
Further tear
What is a caesarean section?
Delivery of the foetus through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterine wall
What is the risk of bladder injury in caesarean section?
1 in 1,000 (rare)
What is the risk of ureteric injury in caesarean section?
1 in 10,000 (rare)
Why may a hysterectomy be performed?
- Malignancy
- Post-partum haemorrhage
- Fibroids
- Endometriosis
- Other
Where is the upper half of the ureter located?
Abdomen
Where is the lower half of the ureter located?
Pelvis
What do the ureters cross as the enter the pelvis over the pelvic brim?
The bifurcation of the common iliac vessels
Where do the ureters lie?
The run retroperitoneal on the lateral pelvic wall
Where do the ureters turn medially?
At the level of the ischial spine, the turn forwards and medially (related to the posterior border of the ovary)
What artery passes above the ureters?
Uterine artery
Where does the uterine artery pass the ureters?
About 2cm lateral to the cervix and in front of the lateral border of the vagina
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Through the back
