Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM Physiology II > Sexual Development and Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

Sexual Development and Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

When is genetic (chromosomal) sex determined?

A

At fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gonadal sex is determined by what genes?

A

Testis determining (SRY and SOX9)

Ovary determining (RSPO1 and WNT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones involved in determination of phenotypic sex

A

Anti-Mullerian
Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the presence of Testis Determining Factor (TDF) SRY?

A

Medullary cords differentiate into Sertoli cells, cortical sex cords degenerate

Sex cords differentiate into seminiferous tubules and give rise to rete testis

Pre-Sertoli cells produce Anti-Mullerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in the absence of SRY?

A

cortical sex cords develop into follicles, medullary sex cords degenerate. Makes a female.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs in bovines when fusion of placental circulation causes Anti Mullerian Hormone to transfer from a male to a female co-twin?

A

Free Martinism. Vestigial development of vagina, cervix, uterus and uterine tubes. Female can’t breed. Almost normal vulva and vestibulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What disorder is caused by a disagreement between chromosomal and gonadal sex?

A

Sex reversal.

XX genotype but some testicular development.

XX male if bilateral testes

XX true hermaphrodite if testis and ovary present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does sex reversal happen?

A

SRY translocation in most cases

20% have no SRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functional areas of the female hypothalamus (2)

*secrete GnRH

A

Tonic - arcuate ventromedial region; ARC

Surge - preoptic area; POA - causes ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of testosterone in development of the hypothalamus

A

Inherently female. Testosterone crosses BBB and is converted to estradiol, which defeminizes brain and eliminates surge center.

*Estradiol from fetal ovaries is bound to alpha-fetoprotein and does not cross BBB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of body functions hormones regulate

A 
Metabolism
Sleep
Lactation
Growth
Mood
Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 main classes of hormones

A

Steroids
Peptides/proteins/glycoproteins
Eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocrine hormones

A

Estradiol and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Testosterone from Leydig cells influencing Sertoli cells in the testis is an example of what type of hormone delivery?

A

Paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Estradiol from Sertoli cells hastening development of these same cells is what type of hormone delivery?

A

Autocrine

17
Q

The “Ram Effect”, in which females all go into heat at the same time when a Ram is around, is an example of what kind of hormone delivery?

A

Pheromonal or “ectohormonal”

18
Q

Besides the Ram Effect, what’s another example of Pheromonal hormone delivery?

A

Bruce Effect - female mice terminate pregnancies due to pheromones of an unfamiliar male in the area.

19
Q

How does supraphysiological stimulation work?

A

Normally, hormone receptors are internalized as part of a negative feedback mechanism, which renders the hormone ineffective.

It is possible to overcome this mechanism with treatment. (Fertility treatments increase ovulation rates past what is physiologically normal)
*Supprelin = high dose GnRH analogue

20
Q

The pineal gland produces _____, which regulates cycles of seasonal breeders

A

Melatonin

21
Q

The pituitary gland produces which 4 hormones?

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin
Oxytocin

22
Q

The ovaries produce which 5 hormones?

A 
Estradiol
Progesterone (by Corpus Luteum!)
Inhibin
Testosterone
Relaxin
23
Q

The testes produce which 3 hormones?

A

Testosterone
Inhibin
Estradiol

24
Q

Prostglandin F2 alpha (PGF2a) is produced by which organ?

A

Uterus

*also produces some estradiol

25
Q

Progesterone, estradiol, hCG, eCG, oxytocin, and PGF2a are produced by…

A

The placenta

26
Q

Estradiol, Progesterone, and Testosterone are what kind of hormone?

A

Steroids.

*Can diffuse through skin/mucosa and cause prolonged effects.

27
Q

What type of hormone can be converted from one form to another based on what the body needs?

A

Prostaglandins (PGF2a <> PGE2)

28
Q

Steroid biosynthesis with treatment…

A

Can administer one form of a steroid and it changes to another.

Estradiol administered to cattle would convert to testosterone.

It’s bad.

29
Q

Where is Estradiol produced and metabolized? What pathological effect can it have on males?

A

Produced mainly in follicular cells of ovaries

  • some in placenta
  • small amt in adrenals, testis, fat

Metabolized in the liver

Males with neoplastic conditions of the testes will have too much estradiol which will cause fertility issues

30
Q

Functions of Estradiol

A 
Sexual behavior
Uterine development/function
Cervical mucous (indicator of cycle)
Vaginal proliferation
Mammary development
Mediated ovulatory surge of LH
Bone health/anabolic
31
Q

What enzyme is involved in the synthesis of endogenous estrogens from androgens?

A

aromatase

32
Q

Which cells of the corpus luteum produce progesterone?

A

Both granulosa (large luteal) and theca interna (small luteal cells).

*Large luteal (granulosa) produce more

33
Q

Functions of progesterone

A 
Development/function of uterus
QUIESCENCE of myometrium
Closure of cervix
MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY
Mammary development
EFFECTS ON BRAIN
effects on immune function
34
Q

5-a-Dihydroprogesterone, critical for equine pregnancy, is what type of hormone which binds to progesterone receptors?

A

progestagens

35
Q

Where is testosterone produced and metabolized?

A

Produced mainly by Leydig cells of testes
Some in ovaries and adrenals

Metabolized by liver and minorly in prostate

36
Q

How does prostate disease contribute to male infertility?

A

Prostate metabolizes more testosterone than it should

37
Q

Functions of testosterone

A 
Masculinization
Maturation/function of male repro tract
Spermatogenesis
Male sexual behavior
Muscle mass/bone density (anabolic)
Increased metabolism
38
Q

How does GnRH travel so that it is not metabolized by the liver and gets to the site of action in high concentrations?

A

Generated in the hypothalamus and then travels in the hypophyseal portal circulation to the pituitary gland.

39
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis

A

GnRH is produced in the hypothalamus and sent to the pituitary via the hypophyseal portal vessels. The pituitary then releases FSH and LH, which travel to either the ovaries or testes and causes them to produce estrogen, progesterone, or androgens (and inhibin). Production of these hormones feeds back to the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit production of GnRH.

If less testosterone is reaching the brain, the hypothalamus will be signaled to produce more GnRH.

RUSVM Physiology II (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions