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RUSVM Physiology II > Fertilization > Flashcards

Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

Most mammals are born with oogenesis arrested at the ____ ______ stage.

A

Primary oocyte

*prophase of meiosis 1

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2
Q

Rabbits, ferrets, and hamsters are born with oogenesis arrested at the less developed, ______ stage.

A

Oogonia

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3
Q

Meiosis is resumed at the time of _____, with an ovulatory surge of ___.

A

puberty, LH

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4
Q

Stage at which oocyte growth is complete

A

Antrum formation

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5
Q

The ovulation stage for most mammals is when the oocyte enters the ______ _____ ______.

A

second meiotic division

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6
Q

Unlike most mammals, the canine oocyte ovulates at ______, before completion of meiosis 1, when it is not yet mature enough to be fertilized.

A

Prophase 1

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7
Q

Cytoplasmic changes depend on close association between the oocyte and _____ _____ cells.

A

Corona radiata

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8
Q

The cumulus mass is important for…

A

communication and response to stilumi

will be shed right before fertilization can take place

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9
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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10
Q

Removal of the _____ _____ removes additional chromosomes from the oocyte before fertilization.

A

Polar body

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11
Q

Area that serves as a sperm reservoir in which sperm are released at intervals during ovulation to increase the chances of fertilization.

A

Isthmus of the uterine tube

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12
Q

Capacitation

A

biochemical (not morphological) changes that take place in the female tract before sperm are capable of fertilization

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13
Q

Steps in Capacitation

A

Changes in membrane cholesterol and glycosaminoglycans

Sperm become capable of undergoing acrosome reaction

Hypermotility

Oocyte receptor expression (allows species recognition)

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14
Q

The acrosome reaction occurs upon contact with the ____ _______ and involves fusing of the sperm plasma membrane with the sperm outer acrosomal membrane.

A

zona pellucida

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15
Q

The acrosome reaction allows SEQUENTIAL release of what?

A

acrosomal enzymes

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16
Q

After a sperm cell attaches to and penetrates the zona pellucida, the ____ and ____ membranes fuse.

A

sperm and oocyte

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17
Q

Specific protein binding site for sperm.

A

ZP3

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18
Q

Acrosome reaction is _____ dependent.

A

calcium

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19
Q

When does species recognition first occur?

A

At binding of sperm with the zona pellicida proteins

20
Q

Fusion of sperm membrane with the _____ occurs after the acrosome reaction is complete

A

oolemma (oocyte membrane) (vitelline membrane)

21
Q

Blocks to polyspermy occur at the zona pellucida by release of oocyte _____ _____ into the perivitelline space.

A

cortical granules

22
Q

After _____, the oocyte expels the second polar body.

A

penetration

23
Q

The male and female pronuclei have a _____ set of chromosomes and will come together within the ootid.

A

haploid

24
Q

The joining of the 2 pronuclei into one diploid cell is called

A

Syngamy

25
Q

Early divisions occur by ______, with no increase in size of the cell

A

cleavage

26
Q

What happens if polar bodies are not removed from the oocyte?

A

Incompatible with development. 3n. Can’t do it.

27
Q

Fertilization and early cleavage takes place where?

A

uterine tube

28
Q

As fluid accumulates, the outer cells of the morula become flattened and a cavity known as the ______ is formed.

A

blastocoele

29
Q

How long until the zygote reaches the uterus?

A

cows and most others - 4 days
horses - 6 days
dogs - 8 days

30
Q

In the equine, the utero-tubal junction is closed to the zygote unless it can produce _____.

A

PGE2

31
Q

The inner cell mass forms

A

the embryo

32
Q

Cell other than those in the inner cell mass are responsible for forming

A

the placenta

33
Q

Only after _________ can formation of extraembryonic membranes occur.

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy

34
Q

extraembryonic membranes

A

yolk sac
amnion
chorion
allantois

35
Q

Maternal recognition of pregnancy is critical in prolonging the function of the ____ _____.

A

Corpus luteum

36
Q

2 strategies of preserving the corpus luteum during pregnancy

A

Anti-luteolytic: diversion or inhibition of PGF2a

Luteotropic: maintain CL (hCG in humans)

37
Q

In ruminants, after hatching from the zona pellucida, the blastocyst elongates and contacts the uterine luminal epithelium which induces production of _______.

A

IFNt (Interferon tau)

38
Q

IFNt in ruminants is responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy and inhibits ______.

A

PGF2a

39
Q

In swine, maternal recognition of pregnancy is caused by the blastocyst producing ______, which then changes the path of PGF2a to the uterine lumen where it is deactivated.

A

estradiol

40
Q

In the equine, the ______ phase requires the embryo to move through both uterine horns several times per day to prevent loss of pregnancy.

A

mobility

41
Q

Polysaccharide-rich membrane unique to equids that preserves the round shape of the embryo, and maintains rigidity necessary for uterine migration.

A

Embryo capsule

42
Q

the embryo capsule disappears after __ days

A

23

43
Q

In Llamas, which uterine horn carries almost all of the pregnancies?

A

Left

44
Q

Recognition of pregnancy in the llama involves

A

Inhibition of PGF2a synthesis or release

45
Q

Recognition of pregnancy in the dog

A

Not needed. Diestrus lasts 60 days either way.

46
Q

Chorionic gonadotropins in the equine

A

eCG - produced in the endometrial cups

47
Q

Chorionic gonadotropins in the human

A

hCG - produced by the endometrium within 48 hours of fertilization

RUSVM Physiology II (8 decks)

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