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RUSVM Physiology II > Placentation, Gestation, Parturition > Flashcards

Placentation, Gestation, Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

Temporary, metabolically active organ providing support and protection for the developing embryo/fetus, with maternal and fetal components.

A

placenta

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2
Q

Outermost layer of the placenta

A

Chorion

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3
Q

Cavity immediately surrounding the embryo/fetus

A

Amnion

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4
Q

Cavity originating as an outpouching of the hindgut, and that is continuous with the urachus

A

Allantois

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5
Q

Classification of placenta by shape

A

Diffuse - horses, pigs
Cotyledonary - cow, sheep, goats
Zonary - dog, cat
Discoid - human, mouse

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6
Q

Most intimate type of placenta with only one area of attachment to mother

A

Discoid

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7
Q

Classification of placenta by degree of invasiveness

A

Epitheliochorial - 6 layers with intact membranes on both sides. Horse and pig.

Syndesmochorial - Fetal-maternal syncytium.
Maternal epithelial layer missing. Cow and sheep.

Endotheliochorial - 5 layers. Dog and Cat. No uterine epithelial layer.

Hemochorial - 3 ;ayers, only fetal layers present.

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8
Q

Which type of placenta allows immunoglobulins, and also pathogens, to transfer to the embryo?

A

Hemochorial

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9
Q

Classification of placenta by intimacy of attachment

A

Adeciduate - horse, pig, ruminants. Loose villi, endometrium not disrupted during parturition.

Deciduate - dog, cat, human. Villi pull free and cause erosion of the endometrium during parturition.

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10
Q

What type of animal has a cotyledonary, chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial/syndesmochorial, and adeciduate placenta?

A

Bovine

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11
Q

What type of animal has a diffuse,chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial, and adeciduate placenta?

A

Equine

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12
Q

What type of animal has a zonary, chorioallantoic, endotheliochorial, and deciduate placent?

A

Canine

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13
Q

eCG in the equine is produced by what structures in the uterine wall?

A

endometrial cups

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14
Q

Structure in the equine where the placenta lays against the cervix.

A

Cervical star

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15
Q

Placentomes are a feature of the _____ placenta where exchange occurs, and are made up of the cotyledon and the caruncle.

A

bovine

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16
Q

Species that have necrotic tips on the plaenta

A

cows, pigs

17
Q

In the canine, _____ _____ is seen on the edges of the zonary placenta

A

marginal hematoma

18
Q

What type of animal’s placenta has a 4th membrane (epithelion) for protection from friction and dehydration?

A

Camelids

19
Q

Fetal period in the bovine

A

After day 45
Fetus has organs and placenta
Period of growth (mitosis)

*at this stage will look like a small cow

20
Q

Hormones produced by the placenta

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Placental lactogen
Chorionic gonadotrophin
Prolactin
21
Q

Accessory corpora lutea, which produce progesterone and are necessary to maintain pregnancy, are found in what species?

A

Equine

22
Q

In late pregnancy in the equine, ______ interacts with progesterone receptors

A

5-alpha-pregnanes

23
Q

Functions of fetal fluids

A

Protection
Nutrient reservoir
Water reservoir - friction reduction

24
Q

_______ is an absolute requirement for mammalian pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

25
Q

Where does progesterone come from?

A

Ovary

Placenta

26
Q

Functions of progesterone

A

placental development and function
myometrial quiescence
cervical closure
immune mediation

27
Q

In what species is the corpus luteum the only source of progesterone?

A

Goat and pig

28
Q

During pregnancy, the uterine blood flow, cardiac output, and blood volume ______, but the hematocrit ______.

A

increase, decreases

29
Q

Increased insulin resistance during pregnancy can lead to

A

gestational diabetes
laminitis in horses
frank diabetes

30
Q

Main trigger for parturition

A

Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

CRH > ACTH > cortisol release within the fetus

31
Q

With elevated fetal cortisol, final maturation of these 3 organs occurs

A

lungs, kidneys, brain

32
Q

Elevated fetal cortisol levels induce _______, which lyses the CL to bring down progesterone levels and increase estrogen levels so the uterus will start contracting.

A

P450 enzymes

33
Q

Functions of estrogen during parturition

A

Synergistic with relaxin

Breaks down bonds in collagen (softening of ligaments, cervical ripening)

34
Q

Myometrial activity involves

A

smooth muscle contraction (Ca++, MLCK activation and phosphorylation)

PGF2a and oxytocin (oxytocin will help muscles contract when they get tired)

35
Q

In the neonate, the main stimulus for respiratory stimulation is

A

Cold touch

36
Q

Respiratory rhythm is generated where?

A

ventrolateral medulla

RUSVM Physiology II (8 decks)

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