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sex differences Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are organisational effects

A
  • effects on tissue differentiation and development

* permanent

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2
Q

what are activantional effects

A
  • effects that occur in fully developed organism; may depend on prior exposure to organisational effects of hormones
  • transient
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3
Q

what are the types of hormone action

A

organisational and activational effects

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4
Q

What is sexual dimorphisms

A

(differences in anatomy, physiology and behaviour between males and females)

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5
Q

what does Sexual differentiation in mammals depend on

A

organisational effects of hormones during development

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6
Q

where is DNA present

A

DNA is present in the nucleus of every cell (except red blood cells)

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7
Q

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have

A

22

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8
Q

what is an autosome

A

doesnt determmine sex differneces

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9
Q

Gametes are haploid… meaning…

A

just one copy of each chromosome

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10
Q

Gametes fuse to create

A

diploid offspring

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11
Q

What is gonadal

A

Undifferentiated ‘primordial’ gonads (yet to develop sex characteristics)

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12
Q

what does SRY stand for

A

sex-determining region Y gene

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13
Q

What happens to the ovary in early embryonic development

A
  • ovary does not produce significant amounts of steroid hormones during embryonic development
  • each part of the body develops according to its own intrinsic programme
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14
Q

what hormone is produced in the testes that leads to mascullinises internal genitalia

A

Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

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15
Q

what is testosterone

A 
•	steroid hormone
fat-soluble, passes readily through cell membrane
•	primary androgen
•	synthesised by Leydig cells in testes
•	Sertoli cells produce AMH
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16
Q

what does 5-alpha-reductase do

A

Testosterone is converted DHT. This is catalysed by enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. Females also have this enzyme but no testosterone to convert to DHT. DHT is a more potent form of testosterone.

17
Q

what does genotypic sex determine

A

gonadal sex

18
Q

what does gonadal sex determine

A

phenotypic sex

19
Q

what does AMH leadto

A

internal genitalia

20
Q

what does DHT lead to

A

external genitalia

21
Q

what does testosterone lead to

A

rest of body

22
Q

what does Further organisational effects of hormones at puberty lead to

A
  • anterior pituitary releases growth hormone, gonadotropic hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (stimulates adrenal cortex)
  • leads to development of secondary sexual characteristics (not present at birth)
23
Q

What do homicide rates show

A
  • men kill men much more frequently than women kill women
  • most victims and offenders are young men
  • this pattern is stable across cultures and over time
24
Q

What was found with female guinea pigs wth testosterone

A

Female guinea pigs treated with testosterone when pregnant produce defeminised, masculinised daughters with male-typical behaviour

25
Q

what was found aboit Female rhesus macaques given testosterone as newborns

A 
Female rhesus macaques given testosterone as newborns show male-typical behaviour as adults:
•	pursuit and mounting of other females
•	pelvic thrusting
•	post-ejaculatory behaviours
•	preference for female partners
26
Q

how mcuh larger are the Song control region in zebra finches in males than femalesz

A

5-6 times

27
Q

example of sexually dimorphic brain

A

Song control region in zebra finches
• 5–6 times larger in males than in females
• gets bigger in females given testosterone as hatchlings

Rat hypothalamus: sexually dimorphic nucleus of pre-optic area (SDN-POA)
• smaller in males castrated at birth
• bigger in females given testosterone at birth
• no effect of castration/testosterone treatment in adulthood

28
Q

how much heavier are male brains than female

A

On average male brains are 120–160 g (10–15%) heavier
Also heavier relative to body size
Difference present at birth despite equal body weights

29
Q

which sex is less strongly lateralised

A

female

30
Q

Parts of corpus callosum are bigger in right-handed than left-handed men; no such pattern for women

true or false

A

true

biology (26 decks)

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