Genes and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What do genes produce

A

protein

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2
Q

What are genes

A

Genes are located on chromosomes (DNA coiled around histones) located in the cell nucleus

Genes are expressed through two linked processes

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3
Q

what is gene expression

A

nscription (RNA transmitted to a protein) + translation

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4
Q

Most of the vertebrate genome does not…

A

code for proteins

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5
Q

What animals have more genes than a human

A

lots including pufferfis

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6
Q

what animals have more chromosomes than a human

A

lots including chicken

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7
Q

What % of DNA is shared by human

A

99.8%

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8
Q

What % of human genes are shared w chimpanzees

A

98%

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9
Q

Humans and mice share what % of genes

A

92%

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10
Q

How are eye colours decided

A

As they are on the same chromosome, they are inherited together.

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11
Q

what are diploid organisms

A

Humans are diploid organisms. This means we have two copies of each chromosome (one from father and one from mother). All vertebrates are diploid.

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12
Q

what is homozygous

A

same alleles. no conflict in gene expression

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13
Q

what is heterozygous

A

different alleles. Brown allele is dominant

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14
Q

what is an agouti gene

A
  • involved in coat pattern and shading of mammals
  • produces a greyish-brown coat colour
  • when upregulated, hair follicle melanocytes switch from making black to yellow pigment
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15
Q

what are lethal allels

A

Lethal alleles lead to death of homozygous recessive offspring.

Homozygous yellow-coated mice die as embryos.
Individuals that have two yellow coat genes will die as embryos.

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16
Q

What did Weber et al find

A

Captive-reared mice placed in sand-filled arena for first time
builds species-typical burrow

F1 offspring of maniculatus × polionotus hybrid
100% escape tunnels

Backcrossed F1 × maniculatus
~50% escape tunnels

A crossbreed of the two mice would build the escape tunnels (100% of the time).
The hybrid was backcrossed against the deer mice. These ¾ deermouse ¼ oldfield, 50% created an escape tunnel.

The simplest explanation of this is that the behaviour is controlled by a gene.

The allele for building an escape tunnel is dominant. In the back cross, half will be homozygous and the other heterozygous which explains why half build the escap tunnel.

single, dominant locus controls building of escape tunnel

17
Q

What does fosB mutation in mice cause

A

disruption of maternal behaviour: creating a nest, cleaning the pups, retrieving them to the nest, crouching over them for warmth and nursing

18
Q

what effect do mutations have

A

Most mutations are harmful or neutral in their effects; only rarely are mutations beneficial

19
Q

what percent of alleles are wild type

A

Alleles at >1% frequency termed wild-type

20
Q

what percent of alleles are mutant

A

Alleles at <1% frequency termed mutant

21
Q

what is Gene with one wild-type allele

A

monomorphic

22
Q

what is Gene with >1 wild-type allele

A

polymorphic

23
Q

what increases mutation rate above spontaneous level

A

Mutagens and radiation