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biology > Effects of brain damage and brain stimulation as a window into the mind > Flashcards

Effects of brain damage and brain stimulation as a window into the mind Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the issue of causality?

A

Just because brain activity is associated with a task does not mean that the activity causes the observed behaviour

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2
Q

What can we observe to determine causality?

A 
neurosurgery,
stroke,
brain trauma or tumours,
neurodegeneration,
infection of brain tissue
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3
Q

What is neurosurgery?

A

removal of brain tissue for treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders (most often epilepsy)

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4
Q

What is neurodegeneration?

A

Degeneration of brain tissue in dementia

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5
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

Examines the effects of brain damage on abilites and behaviour

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6
Q

What did Broca determine that Tan had?

A

a lesion caused by syphillis in the left inferior frontal lobe

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7
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

white matter tracts (numerous axons) connecting two hemispheres

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8
Q

What is callosotomy?

A

cutting through the corpus callosum to limit spread of epileptic activity

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9
Q

What is the WADA test?

A

reversible numbing of the left hemisphere via the sodium amytal injection

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10
Q

Where is the localisation of language heavily based

A

the left hemisphere

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11
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

being able to see everything but stop paying attention to the left visual field

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12
Q

How did HM have anterograde amnesia?

A

formed almost no new episodic memories

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13
Q

How did HM have retregrade amnesia?

A

recall early childhood but not years immediatly before the surgery

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14
Q

What in HM were close to normal?

A

Procedural memory and lexical memory

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15
Q

What are the key approaches in neuroimaging?

A

To see where a task is localised or to see if a task has a different pattern of activation from another condition

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16
Q

What are the key approaches in neuropsychology?

A

Classical neuropsychology and cognitive neuropsychology

17
Q

What is classical neuropsychology?

A

Research primary concerned with localisation

18
Q

What is cognitive neuropsychology?

A

Concerned with determining the cognitive architecture by identifyinf behavioural performance that relies on qualitatively similar or on qualitatively different processes (regardless of the exact location of damage).

Relies on the logic of dissociations

19
Q

What is an example of dissociation?

A

whether the recognition and writing of vowels (e.g. a, e) rely on different psychological process from the recognition and writing of consonants (e.g. t, r)

20
Q

What is single dissociation?

A

when a manipulation leaves one cognitive function (say, A) intact whilst severing another (say, B).

21
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

one type of item (here vowels or consonants) is generally more resilient to the effects of damage

22
Q

What is an example of single dissosiation?

A

Cubelli and spelling errors with vowles?

23
Q

What is an example of double dissociation?

A

Kay and Hanley- errors in vowels and constonants but worse in the latter

24
Q

Why is a group study better than a single case?

A

Reduces the contribution of irrelevant factors

25
Q

What is a limitation of neuropsychology?

A

lesions resulting from trauma or neurological degeneration are rarely anatomically selective

26
Q

How does TMS work?

A
  • large current is discharged into a coil
  • The current generates a rapidly changing (increasing) magnetic field around the coil
  • In the cortex, the magnetic field generates electric (ionic) current through neurons’ membranes
27
Q

What is phosphenes?

A

perception of flashing aptterns

28
Q

What can we infer from the effects of TMS?

A
  • functional-anatomical inference
  • chronometric (temporal) inference
  • process interaction inference
29
Q

What are advantages of TMS

A
  • capacity to determine causation
  • good spatial resolution
  • extreme temporal resolution
  • different conditions to be compared within the same group of subjects

biology (26 decks)

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