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biology > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the morphological division?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

What is cephalisation?

A

the formation of central ganglia and brains in one end of the animal body

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3
Q

What is the dorsal chord?

A

in the vertebrate line of the animal kingdom

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4
Q

What is the ventral chord?

A

In the invertebrate line

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the nervous system?

A

TO monitor and regulate inner organs, release chemical messengers

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6
Q

Is the neural membrane polarised?

A

yes

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7
Q

Where are ion channels distributed?

A

along the neural membrane

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8
Q

Ion’s distribution and properties enable the neruon to…

A

generate tiny localised bioelectric currents.

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9
Q

What do all neurons have?

A

Input zone,
integration zone,
conduction zone,
output zone

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10
Q

What is the input zone?

A

soma, dendrites

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11
Q

What is the integration zone?

A

between soma and axon

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12
Q

what is the conduction zone?

A

axon

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13
Q

what is the output zone?

A

axon terminals

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14
Q

Neuronal membrane is selectively what?

A

permeable

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15
Q

Most channels are made from ___ proteins that assemble themselves to produce a central _____

A

4

pore

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16
Q

Ion channels have a selectivity filter that only allows…

A

ions of a particular charge and size to pass through

17
Q

What does the semi-permeable membrane allow

A

diffusion whilst the passage is open. When ion channels in the neural membrane open, ions can diffuse.

When ion channels are closed, ions can diffuse inside the cell and along the membrane but not beyond the membrane and out of the cell.

18
Q

Ion distribution differs inside and outside of the cell which forms an

A

electrochemical gradient

19
Q

What are the three classes of ion channels

A

Gated ion channels, ion pumps, lead channels

20
Q

What do gated ion channels do?

A

remain closed until activation for a very brief period of time, either by electrical signals (voltage-gated) or by drugs or messenger molecules (ligand-gated).

21
Q

What are voltage-gated?

A

electrical signals

22
Q

What are ligand-gated

A

messenger molecules

23
Q

WHat do ion pumps do?

A

actively transport ions in and out of the neuron

24
Q

What do leak channels allow

A

a specific ion type to freely diffuse (e.g. they are always open and let K+ through but not Na+)

25
Q

What do ion pumps help do?

A

restore and maintain the difference in ion concentrations inside and outside the neuron

26
Q

What are the most importatn pumps in ion pumps

A

Sodium-potassium and calcium

27
Q

What is intracellular recordings?

A

Microelectrodes are placed inside

28
Q

What are extracellular recordings?

A

Microelectrodes are placed outside

29
Q

How do we measure neural currents?

A

Voltage (V) – difference in potential, measured in volts
Strength of current (I) – electrostatic force moving charge per second, measured in amperes
Resistance (R) – difficulty of passing a current along a conductor
Multimeter – instrument to measure voltage, current, resistance

30
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

V = I x R

31
Q

How thick are squids axons

A

1mm

32
Q

How much bigger are squids axons than mammalian?

A

100-1000x bigger

33
Q

What is resting potential?

A

Membrane potential of a nerve cell at rest

34
Q

What is neural signal?

A

Change of resting potentail to more negative or positive potntial

35
Q

WHat is hyperpolarisation?

A

a more negative membrane potential than the resting potential

36
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

a more positive membrane potential than the resting potential

37
Q

where do graded potentials occur?

A

in dendrites

38
Q

What is action potential (spike)

A
  • An all-or-nothing response when the depolarisation increases above a neuron-specific threshold
    (action potentials never occur during hyperpolarisation)

biology (26 decks)

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