Session 9 - Neoplasia I

Question 1

Define benign neoplasia

Answer 1

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

Question 2

Define malignant neoplasia

Answer 2

an abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed AND invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

Question 3

Describe a benign neoplasia

Answer 3

Benign tumours grow in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin. Remains at site of origin.

Question 4

Describe malignant neoplasia

Answer 4

Malignant tumours have an irregular outer margin and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration. May spread to distant site forming new non-contiguous secondary growth (Metastasis).

Question 5

What is a tumour?

Answer 5

A tumour is any clinically detectable lump or swelling

Question 6

What is a cancer?

Answer 6

A malignant neoplasm

Question 7

What is metastasis?

Answer 7

malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

Question 8

What is the original location of a cancer called?

Answer 8

The original location is the primarysite and the place to which it has spread is a secondary site

Question 9

What is dysplasia?

Answer 9

Dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation. It is not neoplastic because the change is reversible.

Also indicated level of differentiation.

Question 10

How differentiated are the cells of an

a) benign neoplasm
b) malignant neoplasm

Answer 10

a) Well differentiated

b) Well to poorly differentiated

Question 11

What is anaplastic?

Answer 11

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue

Question 12

What happens with worsening differentiation?

Answer 12

Individual cells have increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratior, more mitotic figures and increasing variation in size and shape.

Question 13

What is Pleomorphism?

Answer 13

Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

Question 14

What are a group of cells with no resemblance to any tissue called?

Answer 14

Anaplastic

Question 15

What does the term “grade” indicate?

Answer 15

The level of differentiation, highly graded being poorly differentiated

Question 16

How is dysplasia used as a measure of altered differentiation?

Answer 16

Mild, Moderate and Severe dysplasi idicates worsening differentiation

Question 17

What two things apparently cause neoplasia?

Answer 17

Initiators and promoters

Question 18

For a neoplasm to develop, what must a mutation do?

Answer 18

The change must cause an alteration in cell growth and behaviour, and the change must be not lethal and passed onto daughter cells.

Question 19

What are initiators?

Answer 19

Mutagenic agents

Question 20

What are promoters?

Answer 20

Things that cause cell proliferation

Question 21

What genes can mutation occur in to cause neoplasia?

Answer 21

Proto-oncogenes OR Tumour Suppressor Genes

Question 22

What happens if a mutation permanently activates a proto oncogene

Answer 22

it becomes an oncogene and neoplasia will occur

Question 23

How does a tumour supressor gene cause neoplasia?

Answer 23

Must be permenantly inactivated

Question 24

What are six key differences between neoplastic cells and normal cells?

Answer 24

Sandy Beache’s Rectum Gets Invaded Regularly

- Self sufficient growth signals
HER2 gene amplification
- Resistance to anti-growth signals
CDKN2A gene deletion
- Grow indefinitely
Telomerase gene activation
- Induce new blood vessels
Activation of VEGF expression
- Resistance to apoptosis
BCL2 gene translocation
- Invade and produce metastases
Altered E-cadherin expression

Question 25

Describe the clonality of neoplasms

Answer 25

Neoplasms are monoclonal. They are a cell population that are descended from a common ancestral cell

Question 26

Describe a benign tumor

Answer 26

Variation in size and shape (Pleomorphism) minimal Low mitotic count. Mitoses have normal form. Retention of tissue specialisation (Well differentiated)

Question 27

Desribe a malignant tumour

Answer 27

Variation in size and shape (Pleomorphism) minimal to marked Low to high mitotic count. Mitoses may have abnormal forms. Variable loss of tissue specialisation (Well to poorly differentiated)

Question 28

What is the differnece between in situa and malignancy?

Answer 28

All of the features of a malignant neoplasm in an epithelium, but no invasion through the basement membrane.

Question 29

Name three initiators

Answer 29

Chemicals, infections, and radiation

Question 30

Describe how neoplasms can be named

Answer 30

1.Benign or malignant 2.By tissue type Epithelial Connective tissue Lymphoid/haematopoietic Germ cell

Question 31

What do benign neoplasms end in?

Answer 31

-Oma

Question 32

What do malignant epithelial neoplams end in

Answer 32

-carcinoma

Question 33

What do malignant non epithelial neoplasms end in

Answer 33

-sarcome

Question 34

What two states can a carcinoma be in?

Answer 34

In situ (no invasion of basement membrane) or invasive

Question 35

What is a leukaemia?

Answer 35

a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow

Question 36

What is a lymphoma?

Answer 36

Malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes mainly affecting lymph nodes

Question 37

What is a germ cell neoplasm?

Answer 37

Arise from pluripotent cells mainly in testis or ovary

Question 38

What is a neuroendocrine tumour?

Answer 38

Arise from cells distributed throughout the body

Question 39

What are blastomas?

Answer 39

Occur mainly in children and are formed from immature precursor cells

Question 40

Give three places where benign epithelial neoplasms can occur

Answer 40

Stratified squamous Transitional Glandular

Question 41

What is a stratified squamous neoplasm called?

Answer 41

quamous papilloma | Any tumour with finger-like projections

Question 42

What is a transitional neoplasm called?

Answer 42

Transitional cell papilloma

Question 43

What is a glandular neoplasm called?

Answer 43

Adenoma

Question 44

Name four malignant carcinomas and where they may occur

Answer 44

``` Squamous Cell Carcinoma Skin, larynx, oesophagus Transitional Cell Carcinoma Bladder, ureters Adenocarcinoma Stomach, colon, lung, prostate, breast, pancreas Basal Cell Carcinoma Skin ```

Question 45

What is a benign and malignant tumour of smooth muscle called

Answer 45

Leiomyoma | Leiomyosarcoma

Question 46

What is a benign and malignant tumour of Fibrous tissue

Answer 46

Fibroma | Fibrosarcoma

Question 47

What is a benign and malignant tumour of bone

Answer 47

Osteoma | Osteosarcoma

Question 48

What is a benign and malignant tumour of cartilage

Answer 48

Chondroma | Chondrosarcoma

Question 49

What is a benign and malignant tumour of fat called

Answer 49

Lipoma Liposarcoma o

Question 50

What is a benign and malignant tumour of nerves called

Answer 50

Neurofibroma | Neurofibrosarcoma

Question 51

What is a benign and malignant tumour of nerve sheath called

Answer 51

Neurilemmoma | Neurilemmosarcoma

Question 52

What is a benign and malignant tumour of glial cells

Answer 52

Glioma | Malignant Glioma

Question 53

What is a myeloma?

Answer 53

Malignant plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow, destroying adjacent bone

Question 54

Why are all lymphomas considered malignant?

Answer 54

Already in blood

Question 55

Describe lymphomas, and give two leukaemia names

Answer 55

Occurxs in lymphoid tissue Usually lymph nodes Hodgkins Disease and Non Hodgkins lymphoma

Question 56

What is a haematopoietic tumour?

Answer 56

Acute and Chronic Leukaemia Occurs in bone marrow Abnormal cells then enter the blood

Question 57

Name two germ cell neoplasms of the testis

Answer 57

Malignant Teratoma | Seminoma

Question 58

Name an ovarian germ cell neoplasm

Answer 58

Benign Teratoma