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Semester 2 - Mechanisms of Disease > Session 9 - Neoplasia I > Flashcards

Session 9 - Neoplasia I Flashcards

1
Q

Define benign neoplasia

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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2
Q

Define malignant neoplasia

A

an abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed AND invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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3
Q

Describe a benign neoplasia

A

Benign tumours grow in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin. Remains at site of origin.

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4
Q

Describe malignant neoplasia

A

Malignant tumours have an irregular outer margin and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration. May spread to distant site forming new non-contiguous secondary growth (Metastasis).

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5
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A tumour is any clinically detectable lump or swelling

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6
Q

What is a cancer?

A

A malignant neoplasm

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7
Q

What is metastasis?

A

malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contiguous site

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8
Q

What is the original location of a cancer called?

A

The original location is the primarysite and the place to which it has spread is a secondary site

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9
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Dysplasia is a pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation. It is not neoplastic because the change is reversible.

Also indicated level of differentiation.

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10
Q

How differentiated are the cells of an

a) benign neoplasm
b) malignant neoplasm

A

a) Well differentiated

b) Well to poorly differentiated

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11
Q

What is anaplastic?

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue

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12
Q

What happens with worsening differentiation?

A

Individual cells have increasing nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratior, more mitotic figures and increasing variation in size and shape.

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13
Q

What is Pleomorphism?

A

Variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

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14
Q

What are a group of cells with no resemblance to any tissue called?

A

Anaplastic

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15
Q

What does the term “grade” indicate?

A

The level of differentiation, highly graded being poorly differentiated

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16
Q

How is dysplasia used as a measure of altered differentiation?

A

Mild, Moderate and Severe dysplasi idicates worsening differentiation

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17
Q

What two things apparently cause neoplasia?

A

Initiators and promoters

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18
Q

For a neoplasm to develop, what must a mutation do?

A

The change must cause an alteration in cell growth and behaviour, and the change must be not lethal and passed onto daughter cells.

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19
Q

What are initiators?

A

Mutagenic agents

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20
Q

What are promoters?

A

Things that cause cell proliferation

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21
Q

What genes can mutation occur in to cause neoplasia?

A

Proto-oncogenes OR Tumour Suppressor Genes

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22
Q

What happens if a mutation permanently activates a proto oncogene

A

it becomes an oncogene and neoplasia will occur

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23
Q

How does a tumour supressor gene cause neoplasia?

A

Must be permenantly inactivated

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24
Q

What are six key differences between neoplastic cells and normal cells?

A

Sandy Beache’s Rectum Gets Invaded Regularly

- Self sufficient growth signals
HER2 gene amplification
- Resistance to anti-growth signals
CDKN2A gene deletion
- Grow indefinitely
Telomerase gene activation
- Induce new blood vessels
Activation of VEGF expression
- Resistance to apoptosis
BCL2 gene translocation
- Invade and produce metastases
Altered E-cadherin expression
25
Q

Describe the clonality of neoplasms

A

Neoplasms are monoclonal. They are a cell population that are descended from a common ancestral cell

26
Q

Describe a benign tumor

A

Variation in size and shape (Pleomorphism) minimal
Low mitotic count. Mitoses have normal form.
Retention of tissue specialisation
(Well differentiated)

27
Q

Desribe a malignant tumour

A

Variation in size and shape (Pleomorphism) minimal to marked
Low to high mitotic count. Mitoses may have abnormal forms.
Variable loss of tissue specialisation
(Well to poorly differentiated)

28
Q

What is the differnece between in situa and malignancy?

A

All of the features of a malignant neoplasm in an epithelium, but no invasion through the basement membrane.

29
Q

Name three initiators

A

Chemicals, infections, and radiation

30
Q

Describe how neoplasms can be named

A

1.Benign or malignant
2.By tissue type
Epithelial
Connective tissue
Lymphoid/haematopoietic
Germ cell

31
Q

What do benign neoplasms end in?

A

-Oma

32
Q

What do malignant epithelial neoplams end in

A

-carcinoma

33
Q

What do malignant non epithelial neoplasms end in

A

-sarcome

34
Q

What two states can a carcinoma be in?

A

In situ (no invasion of basement membrane) or invasive

35
Q

What is a leukaemia?

A

a malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow

36
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

Malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes mainly affecting lymph nodes

37
Q

What is a germ cell neoplasm?

A

Arise from pluripotent cells mainly in testis or ovary

38
Q

What is a neuroendocrine tumour?

A

Arise from cells distributed throughout the body

39
Q

What are blastomas?

A

Occur mainly in children and are formed from immature precursor cells

40
Q

Give three places where benign epithelial neoplasms can occur

A

Stratified squamous
Transitional
Glandular

41
Q

What is a stratified squamous neoplasm called?

A

quamous papilloma

Any tumour with finger-like projections

42
Q

What is a transitional neoplasm called?

A

Transitional cell papilloma

43
Q

What is a glandular neoplasm called?

A

Adenoma

44
Q

Name four malignant carcinomas and where they may occur

A 
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Skin, larynx, oesophagus
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Bladder, ureters
Adenocarcinoma 
Stomach, colon, lung, prostate, breast, pancreas
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Skin
45
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of smooth muscle called

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

46
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of Fibrous tissue

A

Fibroma

Fibrosarcoma

47
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of bone

A

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

48
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of cartilage

A

Chondroma

Chondrosarcoma

49
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of fat called

A

Lipoma
Liposarcoma
o

50
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of nerves called

A

Neurofibroma

Neurofibrosarcoma

51
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of nerve sheath called

A

Neurilemmoma

Neurilemmosarcoma

52
Q

What is a benign and malignant tumour of glial cells

A

Glioma

Malignant Glioma

53
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

Malignant plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow, destroying adjacent bone

54
Q

Why are all lymphomas considered malignant?

A

Already in blood

55
Q

Describe lymphomas, and give two leukaemia names

A

Occurxs in lymphoid tissue
Usually lymph nodes
Hodgkins Disease and Non Hodgkins lymphoma

56
Q

What is a haematopoietic tumour?

A

Acute and Chronic Leukaemia
Occurs in bone marrow
Abnormal cells then enter the blood

57
Q

Name two germ cell neoplasms of the testis

A

Malignant Teratoma

Seminoma

58
Q

Name an ovarian germ cell neoplasm

A

Benign Teratoma

Semester 2 - Mechanisms of Disease (16 decks)

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