Session 9, 10, 11 - Self study Flashcards
Glioma
What is the most likely cause of a space occupying lesion of the brain?
Glioma
What are the four most common cancers in women?
Lung
Colon
Melanoma
Breast
What must metastasis penetrate to reach the brain
BBB
What is a carcinoid tumour?
Slow growing neuroendocrine tumour
What is carcinoid syndrome?
Array of symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid tumour, notably serotonin. Hot flushes and diarrhea common symptoms.
Why is the lung a common site of metastasis?
High blood supply
Why would you get a DVT in pancreatic cancer
Increased production of clotting factors, change in blood constituents
Name and describe a mechanism via which a benign tumour could cause hypercalcaemia
Solitary parathyroid adenoma - Cyclin D expression, cyclin dependent kinase activated cause retinoblastoma protein deactivation which means unrestrained growth. Release PTH.
By what mechanism can malignant tumours cause hypercalcamia?
Ectopic secretion of PTHrp, which mimics actions of PTH
How can anaemia occur in cancer?
Haemolysis inudced
Blood loss
Decreased blood production (leaukaemia)
What is cachexia?
Severe weight loss, weakness and loss of appetite.
How is cachexia caused?
TNF - a - Produced by macrophages, induces fever, apoptosis, sepsis and cachexia Increased lipolysis by tumour Proteolysis inducing factor Hormones involved in appetite Increased energy expenditure
What cancers appeared first and second after hiroshima?
Leukaemia first, skin and lung cancer second
What oncogene is of relevance in the development of thryoid cancers following exposure to radiation
?
Ret oncogene (tyrosine kinase receptor) promotes cell proliferation when activated
What occured as a result of irridation of the spines of men with ankylosing spondylitis?
Leukaemia
What are two explanations for the high incidence of cancer in areas surrounding power stations other than the power station itself?
Radion gas
Familial clustering
What is the most important fact in determinng the prognosis of a melanoma?
Size of melanoma, deeper means more luymphatic drainage and spread
What are the 6 things to look for when assesing a mole?
Assymetry Border irregularity Colour change Ddepth Elevation
What was the agent in soot which was responsible for the development in scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Give another occupational cause of cancer
Textile workers and aromatic amins
What are the two main carcinogenic substances in cigarette smoke?
Polycylcic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene
What is the mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have effect?
P450 hydroxylates it, making it soluble and more reactive
Damage DNA, playing a key role in mutagenesis
What effect does smoking have on bronchial epithelium?
Hyperplasia and metaplasia.
Ciliated columnar epithelial cells –> Squamous cell
What other tumurs are associated with cigarette smoking?
Breast, bladder and stomach
