Session 10 - NeoplasiaII Flashcards
Define invasion of malignant cells
The ability of cells to break through the basement membrane and spread
Where do malignant tumours invade?
Surrounding tissue, lymphatic and vascular channels
What are the steps of malignant cells invasion?
1) Grow and invade at primary site
2) Enter a transport system
3) Grow at the secondary site to form a new tumour
What is metastasis?
Spread of a malignant tumour to a distant non- adjacent site
What do malignant cells need to avoid in order to succesfully metastasise?
The bodies immune system
Shearing force of movement through body
Free radical damage
What three important alterations are required for invasion of surrounding tissue by carcinomas?
Altered adhesion, stromal and basement membrane proteolysis and motility.
Also need to generate new blood supply.
Why are the alterations required for invasion called EMT?
Because carcinoma becomes more like mesenchymal cell, so it is an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Change in phenotype, eventually undergoes MET
How does altered cell adhesion occur in malignant cells? (2)
Cell-Cell interactions
Reduced expression of cadherins, which normally bind cells together.
Cell - Stroma interactions
Reduced expression of integrins in maligant cells allows for movement
How do malignant cells proteolyse extracellular matrix and stroma?
Metastatic cells synthesise and release Matrix Metalloproteinases. These allow metastatic cells to digest ECM and move to and break through basement membrane
What does
MMP1 digest?
MMP2/9 digest?
MMP1 - Type 1 collagen
MMP2 - Type IV collagen
How does altered motility occur in malignant cells?
Changes in actin cytoskeleton, via integrin signalling.
Why is tumour growth halted once it reaches 1-2mm3 in volume?
Growth is halted due to lack of nutrients/oxygen. This alters the tumours microenvironment, making it hypoxic.
What does tumour hypoxia cause?
Upregulation of pro-angiogenesis factors such as
Angiopoietin, VEGF
What do angiopoietin and VEGF cause the growth of?
Growth of new, thin wall blood vessels that allow growth of tumour. Also provides another opportunity to enter the bloodstream.
How do malignant cells travel to distant sites?
1) Blood vessels via capillaries and venules (tumour embolisis). No elastase so no arterial movement (CVS1!)
2) Lymphatic system
3) Fluid in body (pleura, peritnoeal, pericardial and brain ventricles), which is known as transcoelomic spread.
What must a cell does once it reaches a secondary site?
Extravasation (move out of a vessel) and growth
What is the consequence of failed secondary site invasion?
Micrometastases, which are harboured by many disease free people
How do neoplasmic relapses occur?
Due to micrometastases starting to grow
In which type of neoplasm is metastases via lymph nodes most common? What occurs?
Carcinoma
Local and distant lymph nodes affected, can often involve lymphatics of the lung