Session 2 - Acute inflammation clinical questions Flashcards
What symptoms will you see in an inflamed appendix?
Rubor and tubor
Why does an inflamed appendices appear plumper than usual?
Fluid accumulation due acute inflammatory exudate
How does an appendix perforate?
Neutrophils release ROS which damage cell membrane.Cells release enzymes, which further breakdown and cause perforation.
What complication would follow perforation of the appendix?
Peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum
Why does the mucosae of an inflamed appendix swell?
Neutrophils leak into tissue via infiltration. Fluid leaks in via exudation.
What can cause acute appendicitis?
Appendix occlusion via faecaliffs or tumours, causing proliferation of bacterium.
What can swelling in the brain cause?
Increase in intracranial pressure, causing ischaemia and thrombosis
What organism may cause meningitis in the following age groups?
- Neonates and children
- Young adults
- Older age groups
- Neonates and children Menigalcoccal infection - Young adults Neisseria meningitis - Older age groups Streptoccocus pneumonia
What are the long term complications of meningitis?
Hydrocephalis and neurological complications
What is chronic granulomatous disease?
A hereditary x-linked recessive disease in which phagocyte NADPH oxidase is defective in phagocytes, which means reactive oxidating species cannot be produced, so bacteria cannot be destroyed. This means lower immune resistance, resulting in pneumonia, abcesses and suppurative arthiritis.
Describe process of penumonia
- Bacteria reach lungs
- Invade spaces between cells and alveoli
- Neutrophils and macrophages attempt to inactivate bacteria
- Neutrophils also release cytokines
- Acute inflammation occurs and neutrophils, bacteria and exudate oedema fill alveoli
How does inflammation stop?
Short half life of inflammatory mediators
Production and release of Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta from macrophages
Production and release of Interleukin 10
Apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells
