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Infection > Session 8- Travel related infections > Flashcards

Session 8- Travel related infections Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the travel history important

A

Recognise imported diseases

Infection prevention

  • in the lab
  • on the ward

Different strains of pathogen

  • antigenically different
  • impacts on protection/ detection
  • antibiotic resistance
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2
Q

What other questions would you ask about travel history

A

• Any unwell travel companions /contacts?
• Pre-travel vaccinations / preventative
measures?
• Healthcare exposure?

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3
Q

What are the 5 main species of malaria

A
  • falciparum
  • vivax
  • ovale
  • malariae
  • knowlesii
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4
Q

What is the vector for malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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5
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A 
Headache 
Fever 
Nausea 
Chills 
Dry cough
Fatigue 
Back pain 
Enlarged spleen
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6
Q

How can severe malaria affect the blood

A
  • Low/normal WCC
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • DIC
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7
Q

How many blood films should be taken in malaria

A

3

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8
Q

What investigations should be taken for malaria

A 
Blood film x3 
FBC 
U&Es
LFTs
Glucose 
Coagulation 
Head CT if neurological symptoms 
CXR
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9
Q

Prevention of malaria ABC

A

Assess risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis

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10
Q

What is the mechanism for infection for typhoid and paratyphoid fever

A

Faecal-oral from contaminated food/water

Source is cases or carriers

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11
Q

What type of bacteria is salmonella typhi

A

Enterobacteriae Gram negative bacillus

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12
Q

Virulence of salmonella typhi

A

Fimbrae adhere to epithelium over ileal lymphoid tissues- peyer’s patches

Then they enter the RES/ blood

Then they reside within macrophages

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13
Q

Symptoms and signs of enteric fever

A

Fever, headache, abdominal discomfort, dry cough, relative bradycardia, intestinal haemorrhage an perforation, seeding

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14
Q

What would you discover after investigation of enteric fever

A

Moderate anaemia

Lymphopaenia

Raised LFTs

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15
Q

How do you treat enteric fever

A

Multi drug resistant

Fluoroquinolones may work

Usually treated with IV ceftriazone or azithromycin

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16
Q

What are bio films

A

Microbial communities attached to surfaces and encased in an extracellular matrix of microbial origin

17
Q

What microorganisms are responsible for the frequent cases of hoptilisation-acquired infections

A

Staphylococci

Enterococci

18
Q

What coagulase test do you use for bound

A

Slide
Negative- no clumps

Positive- clumps

19
Q

What coagulase test do you use for free

A

Tube
Positive- clot

Negative- no clot

20
Q

Why is there risks of infection of a bicuspid valve

A

They are at risk of developing endocarditis because of the abnormal flow of blood over the valve and the associated valve tissue

Patient is at greater risk of microbes in the blood sticking to the valve cusp

21
Q

Biofilm hypothesis

A

1) bacterial adherence
2) biofilm growth and maturation
3) recalcitrant biofilm causing persistent inflammation, dispersion of biofilm fragments causing septic emboli at ion and a new biofilm formation

22
Q

Clinical features of endocarditis

A

Fever
Heart murmur
Cardiac complications

Embolic features- small bits of vegetation that become loose and travel to small capillaries where they can block the capillary or cause local infection

23
Q

Janeway lesions

A

These are haemorrhagic nodular lesions with an abnormal border they are associated with microabcess formation and localised necrosis

24
Q

Splinter haemorrhages

A

Liner minute capillary engorgemtents usually in distal third of the nail bed

25
Q

Roth spots in the eye

A

Linear haemorrhaging spots seen in the retina of the eye

26
Q

Oslers nodes

A

Painful erythromatoous nodules on pads of fingers and toes

27
Q

incubation period for malaria

A

4 weeks

28
Q

blood test results for malaira

A

haemolysis- low Hb and high bilirubin

microoclusions- more sticky blood thus can damage kidneys/ brain- high urea and creatinine

29
Q

treatment of salmonella

A

cephalosporin- ceftraixone

macrolide - azithromycin

30
Q

is e coli gram positive or negatie

A

gram negative bacili

31
Q

is salmonella gram + or -

A

gram - bacilus

32
Q

what type of microbe is plasmodium

A

protozoa

Infection (14 decks)

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