Session 1- Introduction to microbes, what is an infection? Flashcards

1
Q

what is an infection

A

invasion of a host’s tissues by microorganisms and disease caused by

  • microbial multiplication
  • toxins
  • host response
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2
Q

microbiata

A

micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces
normally harmless or beneficial
transfer to other sites can be harmful

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3
Q

how do people get infections

A

contact

  • physical contact required sometimes
  • airborne
  • vector

inhalation

  • droplets
  • aerosols

Ingestion
-faecal-oral transmission

Vertical transmission
-mother to child before or after birth

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4
Q

dissemination

A

int bloodstream

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5
Q

virulence factors

A

exotoxins

  • cytolytic
  • AB toxins
  • superantigens

endotoxins

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6
Q

host cellular damage

A

direct

consequent to hot immune response

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7
Q

how do we know if a patient has an infection

A

history
examination
investigations

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8
Q

taking a history

A

symptoms

  • focal, systemic
  • severity
  • duration
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9
Q

supportive investigative techniques

A
full blood count 
CRP
blood chemistry 
imaging 
histopathology
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10
Q

bacteriology

A

specimen types
-swabs, fluids tissues

microscopy 
culture 
antibiotic susceptibility 
antigen detection
nucleic acid detection
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11
Q

virology

A

antigen detection
antobody detection
detecting viral nucleic acid DNA or RNA

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12
Q

aerobes

A

can survive in the presence of oxygen

-obligate aerobes- require oxygen for survival

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13
Q

anaerobes

A

can survive in the absence of oxygen-free environment for survival

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14
Q

virulence factors for mechanics of bacterial pathogenesis

A
host entry 
adherence to host cells
invasiveness 
iron sequestration
fimbrae
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15
Q

gram positive

A

thick multi-layered peptidoglycan cell walls that are exterior to the cytoplasmic membrane
stain purple

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16
Q

gram negative

A

more complex cell wall structure composed of two membranes separated by periplasmic space containing the peptidoglycan layer

outer membrane distinguished by layer of LPS

17
Q

what are the three encapsulated bacteria

A

streptpcoccus pneumonia
haemophilus influenzae type b
neisseria meningitidis

18
Q

what is a virulence factor

A

a specific adaptation of a pathogen (organism capable of infection) that allows it to better infect cells, replicate and survive.

19
Q

what are endotoxins

A

consist of the lipopolysaccharide part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxins cause an inflammatory response.

These endotoxins do not produce an acquired immune response as they are not immunogenic

20
Q

what are exotoxins

A

toxins secreted by bacteria that can destroy body cells and affect normal cellular metabolism.