Session 8- Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia Flashcards
what is acute bronchitis
inflammation of the large airwats of the lung- bronchi
what is bronchectasis
permanent dilation and thickening of the airways associated with chronic cough, sputum production, bacterial colonisation and recurrent infection
what is broncholitis
a viral infection of the bronchiole, the smallest air passages in the lungs. Most commonly caused by resp syncytial virus and most commonly occurs in children
what is empyema
collection of pus in the pleural cavity associayed with pneumonia but may also develop after thoracic surgery or trauma
what is a lung abcess
localised collection of pus within the lung that leads to cavity formation usually with a thich wall, radiological imaging typically demonstrates the presence of air-fluid levels in the cavity
when to abcesses most commonly occur
when microbial infection causes necrosis of the lung parenchyma, if they communicate with an airway they may lead to a purulent cough
what is an air fluid level
when air rises above a fluid in a contained space and there is a flat surface at the ‘air-fluid’ interface
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lung parenchyma due to infection
what is a common feature of pneumonia
cellular exudate in alveolar spaces
what 2 ways pneumonia present
lobar
bronchopneumonia
what is the most common causative ogranism in CAP
streptococcus pneumonia- gram positive coccus in chains
what is CAP less commonly caused by
haemophilus influenzae
moraxela catarrhalis
group A streptococci
staph aureus
what atypical mictorganisms cause CAP
mycoplasma pneumoniae
chlamydia pneumonae
legionella pneumophilia
what is a nosocomial or hospital acquired pneumonia defined as
infection of the lower resp tract in hospitalised patients occuring >48 hours after admission
what are important causative organisms of hospital acquired pneumonia
Pseudomonas aueroginosa Escherichia coli klebisella pneumoniae acinetobacter species staph aureus
when is aspiration pnemonia more likely
individuals whose level of consciousness is altered due to anaesthesia, alcohol, drug abuse or have swallowing-related problems
causative agesnt fo aspiration oneumonia
oral flora
anaerobes
pseudomonas aeruginosa
what organisms are individuals with a poor immune system susceptible to
pneumocystis jiroveci
aspergillus spp
cytomegalovirus
clinical features pneumonia
malasie
fever
cough productive of sputum which may be purulent or rusty coloured
what is a dry cough that doesnt resolve with time be indicatie of
atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae or chlamydia pneumoniae
what are yhe new focal chest signs in CAP
crackles decreased breath sounds dullness to percussion wheeze increased vocal resonance over area consolidation
what is the CURB 65 score
assessed severity of pneumonia
C- new mental confusion
U- urea
R-resp rate
B- blood pressure
used to decide whether to hospitilisse or not
what antibitiocs are used in hospital acquired pneumonia and why
Iv co-amoxiclav a yjis will cover gram negative organisms which are the most likely causative agent
what does the URT consist of
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
what does the lower resp tract consist of
trachea
bronchi
terminal bronchioles
what does the resp zone consist of
resp bronchioles
alveolar ducts and alveoli
how might a patient with pulmonary TB also develop TB in the gut
patients may deve;op TB if they have active TB and cough uo some MTB which is then swallowed but MTB is resistant to stomach acid
Haematogenous spread to gut
via lymphatic system
