Session 7 - Conditioning and learning Flashcards
A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience is called?
Learning
What is formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses called?
Associative learning
What is understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of information-rich higher mental processes called?
Cognitive learning
Any event that increases the probability of responses it follows is called?
Reinforcement
A response followed by a reward or other positive event is ______ reinforcement
Positive
Strengthening a behaviour by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism is _____ reinforcement
Negative
Non-learned reinforcers, usually satisfying physiological needs are ______ reinforcers
where as,
______ reinforcers are learned and often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.
Primary
secondary
________ _______ Effect is when a response is reinforced only part of the time but is more resistant to extinction
Partial Reinforcement
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli is known as?
Classical conditioning
Meat powder stimulating a salivating response in dogs is an example of what kind of stimulus?
Unconditioned stimulus - Something that elicits a response without any prior experience
A dog salivating over food is an example of what kind of response?
Unconditioned response - Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience
In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell that was rung as the food appeared is what type of stimulus?
Neutral stimulus - A stimulus that does not evoke a response
In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell when rung eventually elicited a salivating response in the dogs. What type of stimulus is the bell now?
Conditioned stimulus - Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.
In Pavlov’s experiment, the dogs salivating at the sound of the bell became what kind of response?
Conditioned response - Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
What are the 6 principles of classical conditioning?
- A______
- Higher-order c______
- E______
- Extinction and s_______ recovery
- G________
- Discrimination
- Acquisition
- conditioning
- Expectancies
- spontaneous
- Generalization
Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is known as ______ _______
Spontaneous recovery
Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus is known as what?
Extinction
Responding to a buzzer when the conditioning stimulus was a bell would be an example of what classical conditioning principle?
Generalization
Learning to respond differently to various bells (e.g. alarms, school, timer) is an example of what classical conditioning principle?
Discrimination
Decreasing fear or anxiety by exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed is known as what?
Desensitization
Learning based on the positive or negative consequences of responding is known as _____ _____
Operant conditioning
What law states that the probability of a response, is altered by the effect it has?
Law of Effect - responses that lead to desired effects are repeated; those that lead to undesired effects are not
Behaviour repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement even though it is unnecessary is known as _____ ______
Superstitious behavior
A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is called?
Response chains
Weakening of a learned response when it is no longer followed by reinforcement is known as _____ _____
Operant extinction
if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit a fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. This is an example of what?
Operant stimulus generalization - The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement
When a dog trained to jump at the command “Jump” but does not respond to commands such as “sit” or “stay” by jumping, this is an example of ______ _____ ______
Operant stimulus discrimination
Stimuli that precede rewarded and norewarded responses in operant conditioning are known as?
Discriminative stimuli
Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another’s emotional reactions
Vicarious conditioning
Any event that decreases the probability of responses it follows is called?
Punishment
Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again is known as _____ _____
Positive punishment
Time-out for a misbehaving child is considered ______ _______ as they are taken away from spending time with family or friends for bad behaviour (assuming they actually like their family and friends…..)
Negative punishment - Decreases response by ending something unpleasant (or removing positive reinforcer, in this case, family and friends)
Effectiveness of punishment is dependent on ______, ________ and _______
Timing, consistency and intensity
What are 3 ways to break bad habits?
- Look for a______ b______
- Break up r______ c_____
- Reduce c_____ and a_______
- alternate behaviour
- response chains
- cues and antecedents
The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced is known as?
Aquisition
when a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning this is known as?
Higher order conditioning
A conditioned stimulus is used as if it were a unconditioned stimulus
When you are about to get a flu shot and your muscles tighten preparing for pain would be an example of which gestalt principle?
Expectancies - anticipations concerning future events
we learn to expect that getting poked with a needle will hurt through classical conditioning
