Session 7 - Conditioning and learning

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience is called?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What is formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses called?

Answer 2

Associative learning

Question 3

What is understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of information-rich higher mental processes called?

Answer 3

Cognitive learning

Question 4

Any event that increases the probability of responses it follows is called?

Answer 4

Reinforcement

Question 5

A response followed by a reward or other positive event is ______ reinforcement

Answer 5

Positive

Question 6

Strengthening a behaviour by removing something unpleasant from the environment of the organism is _____ reinforcement

Answer 6

Negative

Question 7

Non-learned reinforcers, usually satisfying physiological needs are ______ reinforcers

where as,

______ reinforcers are learned and often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.

Answer 7

Primary

secondary

Question 8

________ _______ Effect is when a response is reinforced only part of the time but is more resistant to extinction

Answer 8

Partial Reinforcement

Question 9

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli is known as?

Answer 9

Classical conditioning

Question 10

Meat powder stimulating a salivating response in dogs is an example of what kind of stimulus?

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus - Something that elicits a response without any prior experience

Question 11

A dog salivating over food is an example of what kind of response?

Answer 11

Unconditioned response - Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience

Question 12

In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell that was rung as the food appeared is what type of stimulus?

Answer 12

Neutral stimulus - A stimulus that does not evoke a response

Question 13

In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell when rung eventually elicited a salivating response in the dogs. What type of stimulus is the bell now?

Answer 13

Conditioned stimulus - Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.

Question 14

In Pavlov’s experiment, the dogs salivating at the sound of the bell became what kind of response?

Answer 14

Conditioned response - Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

What are the 6 principles of classical conditioning?

1. A______
2. Higher-order c______
3. E______
4. Extinction and s_______ recovery
5. G________
6. Discrimination

Answer 15

1. Acquisition
2. conditioning
3. Expectancies
4. spontaneous
5. Generalization

Question 16

Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is known as ______ _______

Answer 16

Spontaneous recovery

Question 17

Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus is known as what?

Answer 17

Extinction

Question 18

Responding to a buzzer when the conditioning stimulus was a bell would be an example of what classical conditioning principle?

Answer 18

Generalization

Question 19

Learning to respond differently to various bells (e.g. alarms, school, timer) is an example of what classical conditioning principle?

Answer 19

Discrimination

Question 20

Decreasing fear or anxiety by exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed is known as what?

Answer 20

Desensitization

Question 21

Learning based on the positive or negative consequences of responding is known as _____ _____

Answer 21

Operant conditioning

Question 22

What law states that the probability of a response, is altered by the effect it has?

Answer 22

Law of Effect - responses that lead to desired effects are repeated; those that lead to undesired effects are not

Question 23

Behaviour repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement even though it is unnecessary is known as _____ ______

Answer 23

Superstitious behavior

Question 24

A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is called?

Answer 24

Response chains

Question 25

Weakening of a learned response when it is no longer followed by reinforcement is known as _____ _____

Answer 25

Operant extinction

Question 26

if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit a fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. This is an example of what?

Answer 26

Operant stimulus generalization - The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement

Question 27

When a dog trained to jump at the command “Jump” but does not respond to commands such as “sit” or “stay” by jumping, this is an example of ______ _____ ______

Answer 27

Operant stimulus discrimination

Question 28

Stimuli that precede rewarded and norewarded responses in operant conditioning are known as?

Answer 28

Discriminative stimuli

Question 29

Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another’s emotional reactions

Answer 29

Vicarious conditioning

Question 30

Any event that decreases the probability of responses it follows is called?

Answer 30

Punishment

Question 31

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again is known as _____ _____

Answer 31

Positive punishment

Question 32

Time-out for a misbehaving child is considered ______ _______ as they are taken away from spending time with family or friends for bad behaviour (assuming they actually like their family and friends…..)

Answer 32

Negative punishment - Decreases response by ending something unpleasant (or removing positive reinforcer, in this case, family and friends)

Question 33

Effectiveness of punishment is dependent on ______, ________ and _______

Answer 33

Timing, consistency and intensity

Question 34

What are 3 ways to break bad habits?

1. Look for a______ b______
2. Break up r______ c_____
3. Reduce c_____ and a_______

Answer 34

1. alternate behaviour
2. response chains
3. cues and antecedents

Question 35

The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced is known as?

Answer 35

Aquisition

Question 36

when a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning this is known as?

Answer 36

Higher order conditioning

A conditioned stimulus is used as if it were a unconditioned stimulus

Question 37

When you are about to get a flu shot and your muscles tighten preparing for pain would be an example of which gestalt principle?

Answer 37

Expectancies - anticipations concerning future events

we learn to expect that getting poked with a needle will hurt through classical conditioning