Session 1 - Schools of thought etc Flashcards
The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes is called?
Psychology
What are the 4 goals of psychology
- Description
- Understanding
- Prediction
- Control
The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes is known as?
Introspection
A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology is known as?
A Psychologists
A medical doctor with additional training in diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders is known as?
A psychiatrist
A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis is called a?
Psychoanalyst
An advisor who specialises in helping people with problems not involving serious mental disorder is known as?
A counselor
The idea that human and animal behaviour is the result of internal physical, chemical and biological processes is related to what type of study?
Biopsychology
The idea that behaviour is influenced by ones social and cultural content belongs to which type of study?
Social psychology
The idea that human and animal behaviour is the result of the process of evolution belongs to what type of study?
Evolutionary Psychology
The study of the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the lifespan is known as what?
Developmental psychology
Research looking into the interaction between society, culture, and human behaviour and social issues such as conformity and obedience is known as what?
Socio-Cultural Psychology
Study of information processing, thinking, reasoning and problem solving and relying primarily on objective observation rather than subjective introspection is known as what?
Cognitive Psychology
Which model believes that human behaviour and mental processes are strongly influenced by a combination of biological, physiological and social factors?
Biopsychosocial model
What perspective seeks to explain behaviour in terms of biological principles such as evolution, genetics and brain processes?
Biological perspective
Which perspective views behaviour as the result of psychological processes within each person?
Psychological perspective
The study of thinking, learning and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts is known as?
Gestalt
Which school of psychology considers behaviours in terms of active adaptations and regards consciousness as an ever-changing stream or flow of images and sensations?
Functionalism
Which school of though studies sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements and tries to explore mental chemistry mostly using introspection?
Structuralism
Which school of thought emphasises the study of observable actions over study of the mind by using objective observations and not subjective experience?
Behaviourism
Which school of thought helped make psychology a natural science rather than a branch of philosophy?
Behaviourism as it stressed the study of observable behaviour
Which approach rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as inappropriate topics for scientific psychology?
Radical behaviourism
Which school of thought emphasizes the exploration of unconscious, using free association, dream interpretation, resistances and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts?
Psychoanalysis
When Neo-Freudians revised most of Freud’s work, they focused more on what aspects? (2)
social motives and relationships
Which school of thought opposes others by stressing free will and our ability to make choices?
Humanistic
The idea that behaviour is guided by ones self-image, by subjective perceptions of the world and by the need for personal growth is related to which school of thought?
Humanistic
Who was in part credited for separating psychology into an independent study from philosophy by relying on scientific observation to investigat how sensations, images and feelings combine to make up personal experience?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the main player in structuralism?
Edward Titchener
Who was the first to advance the view of Gestalt psychology to help explain perceptual illusions?
Max Wertheimer
Who wrote “Principles of Psychology” in 1890 helping to establish the field as a different discipline?
William James
Who adapted the functionalism school and broadened psychology to include animal behaviour, religious experience, abnormal behaviour?
William James
Who objected the study of the mind or conscious experience and believed introspection to be unscientific?
John B. Watson - Behaviorism
Who adopted Ivan Pavlov’s concept of conditioning to explain behaviour?
John B. Watson
Who studied simple behaviours under fully controlled conditions and created radical behaviourism?
B.F Skinner
Who offered a positive view of human potential opposing other schools of thought?
Abraham Maslow
Information gained from direct observation or experimentation is called?
Empirical evidence
Increases in one variable, matched by increases in the other variable would be a?
Positive correlation
increases in one variable, matched by decreases in the other variable would be a?
Negative correlation
What are 2 disadvantages of naturalistic observation?
Observer effect: changes in subject’s behaviour caused by an awareness of being observed
Observer bias: occurs when observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details
The variable that is manipulated in research and is the suspected cause for behavioural differences is known as?
The independent variable
Variables that are measured in research and demonstrate effects that independent variables have on behaviour are called?
Dependent variables
Conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment are called?
Extraneous variables
In research, the group of participants exposed to all variables that the experimental group is exposed to EXCEPT the independent variable is called? what is the point of this group?
- Control group
- Provides a point of reference
Motivation levels, weather or stress levels would be examples of what type of variable?
Confounding variable
A tendency to notice and remember information that confirms our expectations is known as?
Confirmation bias
An unfounded belief held without evidence or in spite of falsifying evidence is called?
Superstition
Any unfounded “system” that resembles psychology and is NOT based on scientific testing is called?
Pseudo-psychology/Science
What are 4 examples of pseudo-psychology?
Phrenology
Palmistry
Graphology
Astrology
A tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if stated in general terms is known as?
The Barnum effect
