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Body Logistics > Session 7: Cartilage, Bone and Bone Fractures > Flashcards

Session 7: Cartilage, Bone and Bone Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage is a connective tissue secreted by what cells?

A

Chondrocytes

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2
Q

Chondrocytes are derived from the same precursor cells as what other cell type?

A

Fibroblasts

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3
Q

Chondrocytes create fibrous material such as what two important proteins?

A

Collagen

Elastin

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4
Q

Collagen and elastin provide cartilage with what two features?

A

Strength

Flexibility (Elasticity)

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5
Q

Is cartilage innervated?

A

No

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6
Q

Is cartilage vascular?

A

No, it is avascular

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7
Q

If cartilage is not innervated and is avascular, how does it receive its nutrients and immune protection?

A

From surrounding fluid

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8
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage found in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Larynx, trachea, throat, nose

Joints where the surfaces are articulating each other

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10
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage in the body?

A

The outer ear
The epiglottis
The Eustachian tube

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11
Q

Where would you find fibrous cartilage in the body?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pelvis symphysis
The menisci of the knee joint

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12
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Reduce friction

Absorb shock

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13
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provide shape and support

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14
Q

What is the function of fibrous cartilage?

A

Provide rigidity

Absorb shock

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15
Q

Bone is formed through which process?

A

Ossification

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16
Q

Ossification can take on two forms depending on which type of bone is forming. What forms can bone take?

A

Flat bone
Long bone
Short bone
Irregular bone

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17
Q

What are 4 examples of flat bone?

A

Skull, scapula, ribs, pelvis

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18
Q

Where would you find long bones?

A

Arms

Legs

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19
Q

Ossification that forms flat bones is known as what?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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20
Q

What is the type of ossification that forms long, short and irregular bone?

A

Endochondrial ossification

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21
Q

What cells differentiate in intramembranous ossification to give osteoblasts?
Where are these cells found?

A

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

In the embryonic fibrous connective tissue

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22
Q

Osteoblasts lay down what?

A

Osteoid

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23
Q

What happens to osteoblasts once they are surrounded by osteoid?

A

They become osteocytes

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24
Q

What are formed when the osteoid calcifies?

A

It forms spicules which fuse to form trabeculae

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25
Q

What is the periosteum? How is it formed?

A

The fibrous sheet that covers the outer surface of bone and lays down connective tissue
Formed by condense mesenchyme

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26
Q

Intramembranous ossification also contributes to what important aspect of long bone formations?
What kind of growth is this?

A

Thickening

Appositional growth

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27
Q

After the formation of what structure are endochondrial and intramembranous ossification much the same?

A

Spicule

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28
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are important for which process?
Osteoblasts are responsible for what?
Osteoclasts are responsible for what?

A

Bone remodelling
Depositing new bone
Reabsorbing/break down already formed bone

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29
Q

Osteoclasts release what two things to contribute to the break down of bone?

A

Hydrogen ions

Lysosomal enzymes

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30
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The fibrous sheet that lines the inner surface of all bones and lays down connective tissue

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31
Q

What kind of bone forms the external surfaces of bones?

A

Compact or cortical bone

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32
Q

What kind of bone forms a network of fine bony plates that combine strength with lightness?

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

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33
Q

Spaces within spongy bone are filled with what?

A

Bone marrow

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34
Q

What are the canals that run through the lamellae called?

Are they orientated longitudinally or transversely?

A

Haversians canals orientate longitudinally

Volkmann’s canals orientate transversely

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35
Q

What do Haversians and Voklsmann’s canals carry?

A

Blood vessels, lymph and nerves

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36
Q

How does immature bone differ from mature bone?

A

Immature bone has randomly arranged osteocytes

Mature bone has osteocytes arranged within the concentric lamallae of osteons

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37
Q

Where do reabsorption canals run in mature bone?

A

Parallel with the osteons’ long axis

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38
Q

What do you call the functional unit of compact bone?

A

An osteon

39
Q

Osteocytes have slender cytoplasmic processes called what?

What is their function?

A

Canaliculi

Connect adjacent osteocytes via their gap junctions to allow nutrients to pass between them

40
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone does not have what structures that compact (cortical) bone does?

A

Haversian canals

Volksmann’s canals

41
Q 
Bone is composed of:
65% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
23% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
10% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2% \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

mineral
type 1 collagen
water
non-collagen protein

42
Q

What features of bone help them to resist fractures?

A

Great tensile and compressive strength

Degree of flexibility

43
Q

The lamellae of bone are thought to be able to do what before excessive load causes fracture?

A

Slip relative to each other

44
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone fracture repair?

A
  1. Haematoma formation
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodelling
45
Q

What happens to form the haematoma in the initial stage of bone fracture?

A

Blood vessels in the bone and periosteum break and a clot forms

46
Q

What happens during stage two of bone fracture repair?

A

Fibrocartilagenous callus forms

New blood vessels infiltrate the fracture haematoma

47
Q

The bony callus is made up of what type of bone?

A

Spongy (Cancellous) bone

48
Q

What type of ossification occurs during the final stages of fracture repair?

A

Both endochondrial ossification and intramembranous ossification

49
Q

If a fracture involves loss of bone fragments, then what is not possible? What can be done in this case?

A

Bony callus formation

Bone graft

50
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A metabolic bone disease in which mineralized bone is decreased in mass to the point that it can no longer provide mechanical support

51
Q

Osteoporosis associated with ageing results from what?

A

Incomplete filling of bays formed by osteoclasts

52
Q

Osteoporosis is a risk factor for what in the elderly?

A

Bone fractures

53
Q

Primary osteoporosis exists in two types, what are they?

A

Type 1: Postmenopausal women, increased osteoclast number as a result os oestrogen withdrawal
Type 2: Elderly individuals, attenuated osteoblast function occuring after the age of 70

54
Q

Name 5 risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
Genetics 
Insufficient calcium intake 
Insufficient calcium absorption and vitamin D
Exercise 
Cigarette smoking
55
Q

Cartilage is an avascular tissue make up of what?

A

Extracellular matrix

Chrondrocytes

56
Q

Cartilage contains a large ratio of what in relation type I collagen which means that it is able to readily diffuse substances between chondrocytes and blood vessels surrounding the cartilage?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

57
Q

There is a large amount of what substance in the ECM of cartilage which aids its resilience to repeated application of pressure?

A

Hyaluronic acid

58
Q

A proteoglycan monomer is made up of what?

A

Approximately 100 glycosaminoglycans joined to a core protein

59
Q

Describe the structure of the cartilage ground substance based on the arrangement of proteoglycan momomers, hyaluronic acid and collagen fibrils

A

The proteoglycan monomers are attached to hyaluronic acid molecules which form linear aggregates and are interwoven with a network o collagen fibrils

60
Q

What feature of the hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregate enable it to form a hydrated gel?

A

The high density of negative charges on the GAGs which attracts water

61
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most abundant in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

62
Q

What is the composition of hyaline cartilage?

In terms of matrix proteins

A

A matrix containing:
proteoglycans
hyaluronic acid

Type II collagen
The hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the fine collagen matrix fibres

63
Q

What is the composition of elastic cartilage?

A

A matrix like hyaline cartilage with the addition of many elastic fibres and elastic lamellae

64
Q

What is the composition of fibrocartilage?

A

The same matrix material of hyaline cartilage with abundant Type I collagen

65
Q

Fibrocartilage is a cross between what and what?

A

Dermis and hyaline cartilage

66
Q

Hyaline cartilage contains what type of cells?

A

Only chondrocytes

67
Q

Briefly describe hyaline cartilage development

A

Chondrocytes form isogenous groups and lay down extracellular matrix as they separate and elaborate

68
Q

In early fetal development hyaline cartilage is the precursor for what? What process creates this?

A

Bone

Endochondrial ossification

69
Q

As long bone develops some hyaline cartilage remains where?

A

At the articulating surface (end of bones)

At the epiphyseal plate until growing ceases

70
Q

What covers the margin of hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

71
Q

What is the perichondrium made up of?

A

Fibroblast-like cells which can develop into chondroblasts and further develop into chondrocytes

72
Q

The perichondrium is a _______ connective tissue

A

dense

73
Q

Growth from the periphery is known as what?

A

Appositional growth

74
Q

Chondrocytes deeper in the cartilage may divide and give rise to isogenous groups which deposit matrix that results in what kind of growth?

A

Interstitial growth

75
Q

Interstitial growth is growth in ________

A

Length

76
Q

Appositional growth is growth in _________

A

Thickness

77
Q

Each chondrocyte lies in a ________. The pleural or this is ________

A

Lacuna

Lacunae

78
Q

What will determine how much ECM the chondrocyte lay down?

A

Forces applied to them (Pressure loads)

79
Q

In developing bones, hyaline cartilage will do what?

A

Ossify

80
Q

In developing bones, what is there at the non-articulating surfaces that there is a lack of at the articulating surfaces

A

Perichondrium

81
Q

The end of a long bone is known as the what?

A

Epiphysis

82
Q

The shaft of a long bone is known as the what?

A

Diaphysis

83
Q

What is the portion of the bone in-between the epiphysis and diaphysis known as?

A

Metaphysis

84
Q

Unlike hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage does not do what with age?

A

Calcify

85
Q

What cell types are found in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

Fibroblasts

86
Q

Fibrocartilage is a combination of what?

A

Dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

87
Q

There is no ___________ in fibrocartilage

A

perichondrium

88
Q

Fibrocartilage contains type ___ cartilage which is not found in hyaline and elastic cartilage

A

Type I

89
Q

What is the name given to the process in which a hyaline cartilage template is replaced by bone

A

Endochondrial ossification

90
Q

What is the synovial joint?

A

A moveable joint in which the opposed bone ends are:

  • Covered in hyaline cartilage
  • Within lubricating synovial fluid bounded by an articular capsule, lined by a synovial membrane and reinforced with fibrous tissue and ligaments
91
Q

The synovial membrane consists of what cells which remove debris from the joint space?

A

Macrophages

92
Q

Which cells are responsible for secreting synovial fluid in the synovial joint?

A

Fibroblast-like cells

93
Q

The fibrous capsule of the synovial joint is continuous with what structure of bone?

A

Periosteum

94
Q

What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteomalacia?

A

Osteoporosis is loss of bone density whereas osteomalacia is loss of bone mineral leading to softening of the bone

Body Logistics (16 decks)

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