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Body Logistics > Session 6: Epithelial Tissues And Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Session 6: Epithelial Tissues And Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are mucous membranes?

A

Membranes that line certain internal tubes which open to the exterior and bear mucus secreting cells

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2
Q

What layers do mucous membranes consist of?

A
  • epithelium (lines the lumen)
  • connective tissue “lamina propria”
  • smooth muscle “muscularis mucosae”
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3
Q

Aggregates of lymphocytes, known as ____________ are present in which layer of the alimentary tract?

A

Peyer’s patches

Connective tissue layer “Lamina propria”

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4
Q

How do serous membranes differ from mucous membranes?

A

They are thin, two layered membranes which line certain CLOSED cavities rather than spaces that open to the exterior

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5
Q

Serous membranes envelope the _________

A

Viscera

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6
Q

Serous membrane and __________ can be used interchangeably

A

Serosae

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7
Q

Serous membranes line what?

A

The peritoneum (many abdominal organs)
The pleural sacs (lungs)
The pericardial sac (heart)

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8
Q

Serous membranes secrete _________, __________ fluid to promote friction-free movement of the structures they surround.

A

Watery

Lubricating

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9
Q

What two layers does the serous membrane consist of?

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium “mesothelium”

- Connective tissue layer

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10
Q

The connective tissue layer of serous membranes connects to what?

A

Epithelium of adjacent tissues

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11
Q

The connective tissue layer of serous membranes carries what?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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12
Q

True of false: Heart, lungs and gut develop and lie within the serious cavity.

A

False!! They invaginate the cavity during development so are surrounded by it, not contained within it.
(Balloon analogy)

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13
Q

The inner layer of the serous cavity is known as the what?

A

Visceral Serosa

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14
Q

The outer layer of the serous cavity is known as the what?

A

Parietal Serosa

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15
Q

What are epithelia?

A

Sheets of contiguous cells that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces

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16
Q

Simple epithelia are ____ cell(s) thick

A

One

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17
Q

Stratified epithelia are __________ cell(s) thick

A

More than one

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18
Q

Simple epithelia can be what four types?

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cuboid shaped
Columnar- taller than they are wide
Pseudostratisfied- look stratified (more than one layer) but all attach to BM so are classed as “simple”

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19
Q

Stratified epithelia can be subdivided into what four types?

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cuboid shaped
Columnar- taller than they are wide
Transitional- Can look squamous or columnar depending on how they are stretched

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20
Q

What area of the body are transitional stratifies epithelia confined to?

A

Urinary Tract

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21
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The thin, flexible acellular layer which lies between epithelial cells and the subtending connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A

provides a strong, flexible layer for cells to adhere to and serves as a cellular and molecular filter

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23
Q

The simple squamous epithelium lining all vascular elements is known as what?

A

Endothelium

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24
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the pleural sac, the pericardial sac and the peritoneum

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25
Q

Endothelium can exchange ______ and _______ and allow certain blood cells to enter the tissues

A

gasses

nutrients

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26
Q

Give 4 or some locations of simple squamous epithelium

A 
Lining blood and lymph vessels (endothelium)
Linking body cavities (mesothelium) 
Pulmonary alveoli 
Bowman's capsule 
Loop of Henle
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27
Q

Give 4 functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

Active transport by pinocytosis
Lubrication (mesothelium)
Barrier (Bowman’s capsule)
Gas exchange (Pulmonary alveoli)

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28
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium are located where?

A

Thyroid follicles
Small ducts of many exocrine glands
Kidney tubules
Surface of the ovary

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29
Q

What are some functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium at the locations in which they are found?

A

Absorption and conduit (Exocrine glands)
Absorption and secretion (Kidney tubules)
Barrier/covering (Ovary surface)
Hormone synthesis, storage and metabolisation (Thyroid)

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30
Q

Simple columnar epithelium are found where?

A 
Stomach lining and gastric glands
Small intestines and colon 
Gallbladder 
Large ducts of the exocrine glands 
Oviducts
Uterus
31
Q

What are some of the functions of simple columnar epithelium at their specific locations

A

Absorption (Small intestine, colon and gallbladder)
Secretion (Stomach lining and gastric glands, small intestine, colon)
Lubrication (Small intestine and colon)
Transport (Oviduct)

32
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia are found where?

A

Respiratory tract: Lining the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
Epididymis and ductus deferens
Auditory tube
Lacrimal sac

33
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified epithelia in their specific location?

A

Secretion and conduit (Respiratory tract)
Absorption (Epididymis)
Mucus secretion (Respiratory tract)
Particle trapping and removal (Respiratory tract)

34
Q

What type of epithelia are found at moist locations in the body?

A

Stratified squamous NON-KERATINIZED epithelia

35
Q

What locations can stratified squamous NON-KERATINIZED epithelia be found?

A 
Oral cavity 
Oesophagus 
Larynx
Vagina
Part of the anal canal 
Surface of the cornea 
Inner surface of the eyelid
36
Q

What are the 2 main functions of stratified squamous NON-KERATINIZED epithelia?

A

Protection against abrasion

Reduction of water loss whilst remaining moist

37
Q

What type of epithelia make up the EPIDERMIS?

A

Stratified squamous KERATINIZED epithelium

38
Q

Where are the keratinized cells of the epidermis found and how do they differ from living epidermal cells?

A

Outer most layers

They lose their nuclei, die and become ‘keratinized’

39
Q

The epidermis sits on a basement membrane, below which is the _________

A

dermis

40
Q

The outer most layer of the epidermis is made up of what? Followed by what? Then what?

A

dead keratinized epidermal cells
living epidermal cells
dermis of connective tissue

41
Q

The epidermis is mainly made up of which cells and their products?

A

Keratinocytes

42
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

Give their latin names also

A 
Horny layer (Stratum corneum) 
Granular layer (Stratum granulosum) 
Prickle cell layer 
Basal Layer (Stratum Basale)
43
Q

In which layer does keratinocyte mitosis mainly occur?

A

Basal Layer

44
Q

Keratinocytes move up through the layers from which layer?

They undergo terminal differentiation at which layer?

A

Basal Layer

Prickle Cell Layer

45
Q

Keratinocytes synthesise what?

A

Keratins

46
Q

Keratins contribute to what?

A

Strength of the epidermis

47
Q

Keratins are the main constituents of what parts of the body?

A

Hair and Nails

48
Q

Abrupt changes to keratinocytes occurs at which which layer of the epidermis?

A

The Granular layer

49
Q

The Stratum Corneum (Horny layer) is mainly made up of layers of what cells?

A

Flattened corneocytes

50
Q

What changes occur at the granular layer of the epidermis?

A

The keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane

The keratinocytes begin differentiating into corneocytes

51
Q

The granular layer of the epidermis contains keratohyalin granules, which are aggregations of what three things?

A

keratins
fibrous proteins
enzymes

52
Q

Besides keratinocytes and corneocytes, what other cells are present in the epidermis?

A

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

53
Q

Both melanocytes and Langerhans cells are what kind of cells?

A

Dendritic cells

54
Q

Melanocytes are confined to which layer of the epidermis?

A

Basal cell layer

55
Q

Langerhans cells are a type of specialised immune cell known as?

A

Professional Antigen Presenting cells

56
Q

Melanocytes are dendritic cells that originate from where?

A

Neural Crest

57
Q

Melanocytes produce what?

A

Melanin

58
Q

Langerhans cells originate from where?

A

Bone marrow

59
Q

Langerhans cells are found scattered through which of the epidermal cell layers?

A

Prickle cell layer

60
Q

The Langerhans cells have highly specialised capacity to do what?

A

Present antigen to T lymphocytes

61
Q

Where can stratified squamous keratinized epithelium be found?

A

The surface of the skin

(Limited) In the oral cavity

62
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

A

Protection against abrasion and physical trauma
Prevent water loss
Prevents microbes entering the body
Shields against UV light damage

63
Q

Transitional epithelium are confined to where in the body?

A

The urinary tract

renal calyces, ureters, bladder, urethra

64
Q

What are the functions of the transitional epithelium?

A

Distensibilty

Protection of underlying tissues from toxic chemicals

65
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial cell of collection of cells specialised for secretion

66
Q

Glands can be classified by what four things?

A

Destination of secretion
Structure of the gland
Nature of the secretion
Method of the discharge

67
Q

When glands are classified by the destination of secretion what two categories do they come under?

A

Exocrine - glands with ducts

Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete into the bloodstream

68
Q

When glands are classified by structure in what 6 ways can they be classified?

A

Unicellular or multicellular
Acinar or tubular
Coiled or branched

69
Q

When classified by method of secretion, glands can be separated into what three categories?

A

Merocrine- exocytosis
Apocrine- secreted droplets covered in plasma membrane
Holocrine- whole cell breads down

70
Q

What are the three major salivary glands known as

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

71
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or an endocrine gland?

A

The pancreas is BOTH an exocrine and an endocrine gland

72
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A 
Tubor (Firmness)
Rubor (Redness) "Erythema" 
Calor (Warmth)
Dolor (Pain)
Loss of Function "Functio laesa"
73
Q

Pruitis is what?

A

Itchy skin

Body Logistics (16 decks)

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